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Original Article |
Chris.Goodnow{at}anu.edu.au
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Key Words: B lymphocyte • development • isotype switch • allelic exclusion • transgene
Comparing the function of naive and memory BCR isotypes in vivo is normally complicated by differences in BCR affinity, specificity, B cell location, and activation state that are also brought about by immunization. Any difference between the behavior of naive IgM-bearing B cells and primed IgG-bearing cells would be difficult to ascribe to the BCR isotype or to priming. These variables can be separated, in principle, by constructing transgenic mice in which IgG or another downstream isotype is constitutively expressed as the sole BCR on B cells independent of any need for immunization. A number of research groups have constructed IgG-transgenic mice with different VH/VL specificities, but these have yielded variable results and conclusions 2324252627282930. In some studies, the
Another variable finding in IgG-transgenic mice has concerned the capacity of IgG to substitute for IgM in supporting B cell maturation from immature B cells in the bone marrow through to mature recirculating cells in the spleen and lymph nodes. The most detailed studies to date are those of Roth and coworkers 2729 in multiple lines of transgenic mice carrying the IgG2b Hc for an anti-Pseudomonas antibody. With the exception of one unusual variant line, the transgenic IgG receptor did not support maturation, and the majority of spleen and lymph node B cells that developed expressed low levels of IgG and bore endogenous IgM and IgD receptors 272829. Similarly, very few IgG only–bearing cells were found in the periphery of mice constructed by Yamamura et al., Tsao et al., Offen et al., and Battegay et al. 23242530. By contrast, mature B cells expressing exclusively IgG were found in large numbers in one transgenic line carrying an anti-Pseudomonas IgG2b Hc 2829, and modest numbers were found in transgenic mice carrying an antibacterial phosphorylcholine IgG2b transgene (Tg; reference 28). The reason for these differences is unclear, leaving unresolved the extent to which IgG may differ from IgM or IgD in its capacity to signal B cell maturation in the preimmune repertoire.
To compare the in vivo function of IgG1 and IgM as antigen receptors on B cells directly, independent of any differences in VH/VL specificity, microenvironment, state of priming, or antigenic experience, we have generated transgenic mice carrying Hc and Lc (light chain) genes encoding a well characterized lysozyme-binding antibody 3233 of IgG1 isotype. These mice could then be directly compared with previously established IgM-transgenic mice carrying the same antilysozyme V regions. To examine the role of the conserved IgG transmembrane/cytoplasmic tail region in isolation, an additional set of transgenic mice was made expressing an IgM/G chimeric receptor comprising the IgM CH1 and Fc regions and the IgG1 extracellular spacer, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains. We find that the IgG1 and IgM/G receptors can substitute for IgM in supporting generation of large numbers of recirculating B cells in spleen and lymph nodes. Unlike IgM- or IgD-transgenic mice, the numbers of mature B cells expressing transgenic BCRs in IgG1 and IgM/G mice is very sensitive to Tg copy number. Few are present in blood, spleen, or lymph node in higher copy number lines, where they are replaced by B cells with different BCRs. The characteristics of B cell development in these animals are most consistent with enhanced signaling by IgG BCRs conferred in part by the unique membrane/tail domains.
The chimeric IgM/G Hc gene construct was generated by "sticky feet–directed mutagenesis" 37. In brief, oligonucleotide primers were synthesized in which the 5' 30 nucleotides corresponded to the IgM nucleotides flanking the IgG1 insertion site (uppercase letters), and the 3' 15 nucleotides corresponded with the DNA flanking the IgG1 insertion sequences (lowercase letters). The primers used were as follows: forward, 5'-GACCCTCCCTCTCTGTGTCCCTTCATAGAGgggctgcaactggacgag-3'; reverse: 5'-GTCTCTGCTGTCCTTCCATGCTGAGAGctagggcgcttgcccaatc-3'. After mutagenesis, a KpnI–SpeI fragment containing the modified membrane exons was inserted into a pSVG plasmid containing the IgM constant domain exons and HyHEL10 V region 35.
Transgenic Lines.
For Hc copy number estimates, Southern blots of XbaI-digested tail DNA were probed with a 912 bp HindIII–XbaI fragment from the germline JH4 region. The JH probe identified a 3.6-kb fragment derived from unrearranged endogenous Hc genes in all mice and a single 3.0-kb fragment from the rearranged Hc Tg. For Lc copy number estimates, the same XbaI-digested Southern blots were reprobed with a 650-bp AvaI–XbaI fragment from the germline J
FACS® Analysis.
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Introduction
Materials and Methods
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Discussion
References
B cell antigen receptors (BCRs) undergo stereotypic changes in their constant regions during development of each B lymphocyte. B cells of the preimmune repertoire express first IgM and then IgM and IgD receptors of the same antigen specificity 1234, whereas memory B cells either express IgM or switch to downstream isotypes such as IgG, IgA, or IgE 567. The constant regions of these isotypes differ markedly not only in the CH1, hinge, and Fc domains but also in the membrane-proximal spacer, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic segments required for cell surface expression. Interestingly, the latter domains are highly conserved within isotypes and between species 89101112131415. For example, the different IgG subtypes have an almost identical amino acid sequence in their extracellular spacer, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic regions in mice and humans, whereas they are more divergent in the hinge and Fc domains 161718. In addition, the cytoplasmic tails of IgM and IgD receptors consist of only three amino acids (KVK), whereas receptors expressed uniquely on memory cells have more extended cytoplasmic tails of either 28 (IgG, IgE) or 14 (IgA) evolutionarily conserved amino acids 171819. The highly conserved and isotype-specific nature of the membrane proximal regions suggests stage-specific signaling or intracellular trafficking functions attributed to the different isotypes 17181920. In support of this notion, IgG1 or IgE memory B cell production and antibody responses in mice are diminished by mutations that truncate the cytoplasmic tail of IgG1 or IgE, respectively 2122. 
heavy chain (Hc) signaled allelic exclusion, at least to the extent that endogenous IgM expression was inhibited in the bone marrow 27283031, whereas in other studies allelic exclusion was not apparent 2324. Of the mice that failed allelic exclusion, the presence of membrane IgG was either not directly assessed 23 or very low 24, suggesting that the failure of allelic exclusion in these mice may be a reflection of little or no surface IgG expression. The polyadenylation sites of the M2 exon for C1, C2b, and C3 have not yet been precisely located by DNA sequencing, and failure to achieve surface IgG expression in some experiments may have been due to lack of the pA sites in the DNA constructs 24 or lack of inclusion of membrane exons due to their deletion during the integration process 23.
Materials and Methods
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Gene Constructs.
IgM-transgenic mice were produced previously by coinjecting Hc (VH10–µ) and Lc (Vk10–Ck) Ig gene constructs into the germline of C57BL/6 (Hc b-allotype, IgHb) mice 3435. These constructs together encode IgM (Hc a-allotype, IgHa) carrying the antigen binding site of the high-affinity (1.5 x 109 M–1) anti–hen egg lysozyme (HEL) mAb HyHEL10 3233. The IgG1 gene construct was produced from a plasmid, pTB6, which contained a genomic clone of the productive H locus from hybridoma HyHEL10, carrying the promoter, L–VDJ exons, the µ/1 switch recombination region, the 1 constant domains, and the first 1 membrane exon (from Drs. T. Lavoie and S. Smith-Gill, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). The insert from pTB6 was cloned into plasmid pSVG-M2 containing the 1 M2 exon plus 
2.5 kb of downstream sequence, derived from 
phage clone G1.2 36. The V
10–C gene construct was described previously 34.
For microinjection, IgG1 and IgM/G gene constructs were separated from vector sequences by digestion with ClaI and NotI restriction enzymes and purified as described 34. IgG1 (VH10– + Vk10–Ck) and IgM/G (VH10–µ + Vk10–Ck) founder Ig-transgenic mice were generated after microinjection of embryos from (C57BL/6 x CBA/J)F1 females with an equimolar mixture of Hc and Lc constructs as described 3438. Screening for founder Ig-transgenic mice and initial progeny was performed by Southern blot analysis of tail DNA 3438. Routine screening for transgenic Hc was done using PCR (reference 39; for details see http://jcsmr.anu.edu.au/group_pages/mgc/). Transgenic lines were maintained by backcrossing to C57BL/6J. In addition, two Ig-transgenic lines, IgM/G (µ2) and IgG1 (4), were crossed with recombinase activating gene (RAG-2)–/– mice originally provided by Dr. Fred Alt (Children's Hospital, Boston, MA). Generation of IgM-transgenic line was described previously 35. 4 region, revealing a 3.8-kb endogenous fragment and a 2.6-kb Tg band. Autoradiographs in the linear range of the film were scanned on a Molecular Dynamics scanning densitometer, areas under the curves were measured, and copy numbers were expressed by assigning the endogenous signals a copy number of two. For visualizing loss of array copies, Southern blots of SacI-digested tail DNA were probed with a 912-bp HindIII–XbaI fragment from the germline JH4 region. Because there is no Sac1 site 5' to the JH probe within the microinjected Hc construct, this results in an 11-kb fragment generated by head-to-tail junction fragments with upstream Hc copies in tandem arrays and a unique fragment at the 5' end of the array.
The following antibodies were used (specificities in parentheses): RS3.1 (IgMa; reference 40); AMS-9.1 (IgDa; reference 41); AFS122.2 (IgDb); RA3-6B2 (B220; reference 42); HyHEL9 (HEL; reference 43); S7 (CD43); M1/69 (HSA); and 7G6 (CR1/2; reference 44). Spleen and bone marrow cells were prepared and stained for FACS® analysis as previously indicated 34. HEL binding was detected with 200 ng/ml of HEL followed by HyHEL9–tricolor conjugate. Analysis was performed on a FACScanTM flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson) with FACS® desk software (Beckman Center Shared FACS® Facility).
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Abstract
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Materials and Methods
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Constructs and Transgenic Mice.
To allow direct comparison between the function of IgM and IgG1 antigen receptors, we modified a rearranged Hc gene construct that was used previously to produce IgM Hc- and Lc-transgenic mice 35. The original µ construct and the two modified Hc constructs used in this study, 1 and µ/1, employed identical VDJH variable region elements derived from the original lysozyme-binding hybridoma, HyHEL10 32. The chimeric µ/1 construct was generated by selectively replacing the µ membrane coding elements with 1 membrane coding sequences using sticky feet–directed mutagenesis to preserve the µM1 splice acceptor and the µM2 3' untranslated regions and poly A signals. As illustrated in Fig. 1, the extracellular CH1–CH4 portion of the µ1 Hc was identical to the IgM extracellular region, thereby enabling use of identical reagents for analysis and allowing any phenotypic differences to be directly attributed to the 1 membrane-coding segment. The IgG1 Hc construct was derived from genomic DNA of the original lysozyme-binding HyHEL10 IgG1+ hybridoma, which had retained the µ/ switch regions (Fig. 1 C). Inclusion of the switch region has been reported to be essential for high-level expression of human IgG1 Tgs 26. An additional genomic fragment encompassing 2.5 kb 3' of the M2 exon was also included to ensure presence of the M poly A signals. As done previously with the IgM construct 35, the modified Hc constructs were microinjected with the Lc gene construct derived from the HyHEL10 hybridoma. Multiple founders were obtained with each construct, and breeding lines were established from each (Table ). Different numbers of copies of the Hc and Lc Tgs were present in each line, and these Hc and Lc genes cosegregated in all progeny, indicating cointegration in each of the founders.
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Endogenous Hcs were present on most non–HEL-binding B cells in IgG1 mice but not in IgM/G mice, but in both cases, cells bearing HEL-binding receptors in these mice appeared allelically excluded and lacked detectable endogenous Hc expression. Fig. 3 shows histograms for staining of IgD on HEL-binding B cells (bold line) and non–HEL-binding B cells (thin line) from IgM-, IgG1-, and nontransgenic mice (upper panels) and IgM-, IgM/G-, and nontransgenic mice (lower panels). IgD is a useful measure of allelic exclusion because it can only be expressed if rearrangement of endogenous Hc genes occurs. Thus, HEL-binding B cells from all three types of transgenic mice, IgM, IgG1, and IgM/G, were negative for IgD expression (Fig. 3D, Fig. E, Fig. J, and Fig. K), indicating allelic exclusion of endogenous receptor expression.
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6) line with 2 Hc copies, 48% of spleen B cells (1.2 x 107 cells) were HEL binding, whereas in the IgM/G (µ8) line with 15 Hc copies, 9% of spleen B cells (0.2 x 107 cells) were HEL binding. No such effect was previously observed in the set of 10 Hc- and Lc-transgenic mice established with the IgM construct despite a similar range of copy numbers (reference 35 and Goodnow, C., unpublished observations). The inverse correlation between copy number and number of HEL-binding cells was not perfect, however, because one IgG1 line, 3, contained very few HEL-binding cells despite containing only two copies of the Hc and three copies of the Lc Tgs (Table ). It is conceivable that the Tgs in this mouse had integrated in a site or way that was nonpermissive to transcription.
Loss-of-copy variant offspring from high copy lines allowed the effect of copy number to be examined independently from integration site. Flow cytometry and Southern blot analysis revealed two separate low copy variant mice from 32 transgenic offspring of the µ8A IgM/G line. The parent line contained 15 copies of the Hc Tg and 12 Lc copies (Table ), and only 6% of B cells in the blood had HEL-binding receptors (Fig. 4A and Fig. E). One variant offspring, µ8C, carried only five copies of the Hc Tg (Fig. 4 D), and the frequency of HEL-binding B cells was increased to 52% (Fig. 4 C). Another variant, 8B, carried seven Hc copies and three Lc copies, and the proportion of HEL-binding B cells was increased to 18%. The 8B variant mouse was successfully bred as a subline, and the offspring consistently produced threefold higher proportions of peripheral HEL-binding B cells than the parental line (Fig. 4 E).
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1 IgG1 line, which contained six copies of Hc Tg and five copies of Lc Tg. In three Tg+ 1 offspring, <3.6% of spleen B cells bound lysozyme, whereas in the fourth Tg+ mouse, >14% of spleen B cells were HEL binding (not shown). Analysis of genomic DNA from these mice by Southern analysis revealed that the mouse with more HEL-binding B cells had lost two copies of the Hc Tg, resulting in four copies of Hc Tg and five copies of Lc Tg (not shown).
HEL-binding IgG1 or IgM/G Receptors Are Expressed on Most Immature B Cells, and the Levels on Early Pro-B Cells Correlate with Tg Copy Number.
In contrast to the variable proportion of mature B cells expressing the transgenic Hcs and Lcs in IgG1- or IgM/G-transgenic mice, the majority of immature B cells in the bone marrow nevertheless expressed HEL-binding surface receptors (Fig. 5). Moreover, the number of surface receptors on pro-BI B cells correlated with Tg copy number. Fig. 5 shows representative staining for HEL-binding receptors on the surfaces of pro-BI cells (Hardy's fraction A; HSAlowB220lowS7+; reference 46) in the bone marrow from IgM- and IgM/G-transgenic mice. Whereas pro-BI cells from IgM-transgenic mice did not express detectable HEL-binding receptors (Fig. 5 B), pro-BI cells from IgM/G-transgenic mice with 2, 8, and 15 copies exhibited increasing levels of Tg-encoded receptors (Fig. 5C–E, and Table ). A similar correlation of Tg copy number with surface expression on pro-BI cells was observed in IgG1 lines, where IgG1 with six copies of Hc Tg (1) exhibited sixfold higher levels of HEL binding than the IgG1 line with two Tg copies (Table ).
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Spontaneous downregulation of surface IgG1 antigen receptors compared with IgM receptors accompanied B cell maturation in RAG-2–/– IgG1-transgenic mice, as noted above in the RAG-2+/+ background (Fig. 2). Thus, IgM and IgG1 B cells initially carried similar surface receptor levels at the CD21– immature B cell stage in the bone marrow (Fig. 6K and Fig. L). As the cells matured and increased CD21 expression, IgM receptor levels increased twofold (Fig. 6L, , and Q), whereas IgG1 receptor levels decreased threefold (Fig. 6K, Fig. O), and IgM/G receptor levels decreased twofold (Fig. 6 R).
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IgG1 Antigen Receptor Transmits Signals Required for B Cell Development and Allelic Exclusion.
The absolute requirement for membrane µ to signal the transition from the pro-B to pre-B cell stage and to cease further Hc gene rearrangement was demonstrated in recent years using mutant mice generated by targeted disruption of genes involved in expression or signaling of µ Hc 475556575859. In all of these mice, development was blocked at the pro-B cell/large pre-B cell stage, with few small pre-B cells or immature B cells detected in the bone marrow. Given the structural differences in the IgM and IgG membrane-proximal regions, it has been suggested that the IgG Hc may not be able to provide the necessary signals for pro-B to B cell transition 2729 and allelic exclusion 232426. The findings here demonstrate that IgG1 can transmit the signals for allelic exclusion and B cell maturation, but this is complicated in mice with supraphysiological gene dosage. Thus, expression of IgG1 antigen receptor in low copy transgenic mice rescued B cell maturation in RAG-2–/– mice, as demonstrated by appearance of S7lowB220low small B cells in bone marrow and production of mature CD21+ B cells in the periphery. Secondly, analysis of surface receptor isotypes expressed on mature B cells of IgG1 mice did not reveal a significant population of cells coexpressing endogenous receptors with IgG1 receptors, demonstrating that IgG1 can mediate allelic exclusion.
Sensitivity of IgG B Cell Maturation to Excessive Tg Copy Number.
Unlike IgM anti-HEL transgenic mice, where typically more than 80% of peripheral B cells bound HEL and carried the transgenic receptor, less than half of peripheral B cells from IgG1 or IgM/G low copy number mice bound HEL. This phenotype was further exaggerated in mice with higher Hc Tg copy numbers, such that in IgM/G mice containing 15 Hc gene copies, <9% of B cells bound HEL. In IgG-transgenic mice that contained six copies of Hc, only 3% of splenic B cells bound HEL. The lower frequency of Tg-expressing B cells was specific to mice expressing the 1 transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail, as it has not been observed in other transgenic mice carrying HEL-binding IgM, IgD, or chimeric IgM/D receptors containing the IgD transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions (reference 35 and Pogue, S.L., and C.C. Goodnow, unpublished observations). FACS® analysis of the non–HEL-binding B cells in the IgG1- or IgM/G-transgenic mice revealed that they carried antigen receptors containing endogenous Hc or transgenic Hc presumably paired with endogenous Lc.
The appearance of large numbers of B cells bearing endogenous receptors does not reflect failure of the IgG or IgM/G receptors to trigger allelic exclusion in either the low or high copy lines. Thus, those B cells that carried HEL-binding receptors did not carry endogenous Hcs (Fig. 4), and B cells with endogenous receptors lacked transgenic HEL-binding IgG (Fig. 3 B). Moreover, B cells that bore exclusively transgenic receptors were fully mature even in high copy lines, indicating that the receptor was in each case able to support the preimmune phase of maturation to varying degrees. Instead, the IgG1 and IgM/G Tgs appear to favor accumulation of "edited" B cells that have lost transgenic Hc or Lc expression and gained expression of endogenous Hc or Lc, especially in higher copy lines. This loss must occur at or before the developmental stage in which RAG expression occurs, thereby allowing rearrangement of endogenous Hc. It is not known whether loss of Tg expression reflects deletion of the Tg DNA, suppression of transcription, or competitive protein assembly and transport to the cell surface.
The sensitivity to gene dose observed here may explain the variability among IgG-expressing transgenic mouse strains reported previously 2324252627282930. One of the most extensive analyses of IgG-expressing transgenic mice was conducted in the laboratory of Roth and coworkers 2729 and by Kenny et al. 28. In transgenic mice from two of these lines, 343-1 and 348A, carrying 8–16 or 22–60 stably integrated copies of the Hc Tg, respectively, the number of splenic B cells was 10–30% of normal. The mature B cells that were present in these mice expressed high levels of IgM receptors derived from endogenous gene rearrangements and carried only low levels of the transgenic IgG2b on their cell surfaces 27282960. When the 343-1 line was crossed with mice homozygous for a targeted disruption of the IgM membrane exons, few mature B cells developed, indicating that the 2b Hc did not allow maturation or accumulation of preimmune cells in the absence of membrane IgM. By contrast, almost normal numbers of splenic B cells developed bearing exclusively the transgenic IgG2b receptors in a third line with the same IgG2b Hc gene, 348C 2829. Unlike the 343-1 and 348A mice, the 348C line carried only three copies of the Tg and was derived from an unstable line, 348-4-8 (348B), carrying 90 Tg copies 60. The conclusion favored at the time was that IgG is intrinsically unable to signal for B cell maturation normally, but this defect was somehow complemented by an integration site effect in the 348C variant line.
The evidence that IgG cannot signal for B cell maturation is supported by data similar to that from the 343-1 line, obtained in mice carrying an undetermined number of copies of an IgG2a/ Tg encoding an anti-CD8.2 antibody 30. In these mice, surface IgM expression was inhibited in the bone marrow, but the number of mature splenic B cells was 15% of normal, and these expressed high levels of endogenous IgM and IgD and lower levels of IgG2a.
By contrast, IgG did support maturation of small numbers of B cells in the absence of endogenous IgM in an antiphosphorylcholine IgG2b/ transgenic line carrying an unspecified number of Tg copies 28. The recovery of B cell maturation in several independent copy loss variants from high copy number lines observed here appears similar to the history of the copy loss variant 348C line described by Roth et al. 29. Loss of Tg copies is likely to result from intrachromosomal recombination within the Tg array before or during meiosis, as postulated for copy reduction variants arising among somatic cells 6162.
Possible Signaling Differences Conferred by the IgG Membrane and Cytoplasmic Domains.
The varied numbers and frequency of HEL-binding mature B cells in IgG1- or IgM/G-transgenic mice could reflect either too little of a BCR signal needed for cell maturation or too much of a BCR signal that inhibits maturation. BCR signaling by IgM (or IgD) is required by preimmune B cells, first to trigger allelic exclusion and B cell maturation in the bone marrow and then to promote survival and accumulation in the spleen, lymph nodes, and blood 485163. The nature of these intracellular positive signals is unclear, although the tyrosine kinase Syk is required for maturation in the bone marrow 5859, and the tyrosine kinase Btk and the src-activating tyrosine phosphatase CD45 are required for survival and accumulation of mature cells in the spleen 5164. If these positive signals were not sufficiently activated by BCRs with the IgG transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions, that could in principle favor maturation of B cells that had lost the Tg and replaced it with an endogenous IgM/IgD receptor or non–HEL-binding IgM/G receptor, as observed in the IgG and IgM/G mice, respectively. Other data makes this interpretation less likely: (a) a comparable preferential accumulation of variant B cells is not observed in anti-HEL IgM/IgD-transgenic mice when positive selection signals are crippled by mutations in Btk or CD45; and (b) spontaneous downregulation of IgM BCRs on mature B cells, as occurs during maturation of IgG and IgM/G cells, does not occur but is in fact suppressed when positive selection signals are crippled (51, 64, and Goodnow, C., unpublished data).
We believe the alternative interpretation, namely exaggerated signaling by IgG and IgM/G BCRs, represents a better explanation for the data. Maturation and accumulation of IgM- or IgD-bearing B cells is inhibited by chronic activation of inhibitory signals triggered either by self-antigen binding 53656667 or by exaggeration of basal or antigen-induced BCR signaling in the absence of the inhibitory tyrosine phosphatase, Src homology 2 domain–containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP)-1 54. This promotes the formation of edited B cells that have lost or reduced expression of the transgenic Hc or Lc genes and replaced them by an endogenously encoded Hc or Lc 6268697071. Interestingly, Lc gene editing predominates in anti-DNA IgM-transgenic mice with weakly DNA-reactive BCRs, whereas Hc editing predominated in anti-DNA transgenic mice with V region substitutions that conferred stronger DNA reactivity 626970. It is interesting that the variant B cells accumulating in the spleens of IgG-transgenic mice have primarily lost the transgenic Hc, whereas the variant cells accumulating in the spleens of IgM/G mice retain the transgenic Hc and lose HEL binding, presumably due to loss of the transgenic Lc (Fig. 3). Based on the above, we hypothesize that IgG has an enhanced ability to trigger signals that inhibit immature B cell maturation when compared with IgM, and that the IgM/G chimera has the same characteristic but to a lesser degree. In the lines of IgG- and IgM/G-transgenic mice with supraphysiological gene dosage, higher amounts of BCR protein are made, as judged by surface staining of pro-B cells (Fig. 5 and Table ). The fact that fewer B cells mature with the transgenic receptor and more develop with the edited phenotype in these high copy lines is consistent with a further exaggeration of signals that inhibit maturation as a consequence of overexpressed IgG and IgM/G receptors.
The notion that IgG and IgM/G have exaggerated signaling is also consistent with the spontaneous downregulation of these receptors on mature B cells (Fig. 6). Similar decreases in surface display of IgMHEL receptors occurs during progression from immature to mature B cells in response to chronic BCR signaling. This can occur as a result of continuous binding of soluble HEL autoantigen 34, in which case chronic signaling and downregulation is suppressed in the absence of the stimulatory tyrosine phosphatase CD45 5167. IgM receptors also downregulate spontaneously when BCR signaling is exaggerated by lack of the inhibitory phosphatase SHP-1 54, absence of CD22, which recruits SHP-1 to the BCR signaling complex 72737475, or overexpression of CD19, which augments BCR signaling 76. It is interesting that spontaneous downregulation of BCRs on mature B cells is more extreme for IgG than for IgM/G, in line with the more extreme editing that occurs in the IgG mice (above).
The decreased surface expression of IgG BCRs observed here on mature B cells matches a characteristic of isotype-switched memory B cells in vivo 77. Hayakawa et al. found that isotype-switched memory B cells in the spleens of immunized mice had four- to fivefold fewer chains on the cell surface compared with naive IgM+IgD+ B cells in the same animals. It is interesting that, without immunization, the IgG and IgM/G B cells also tend to accumulate in the CD21high marginal zone subset in the spleen (Fig. 6), as this subset contains many of the memory B cells in immunized animals 787980. The low copy number transgenic mouse lines described here make possible future studies to explore the function of switched BCR isotypes in later phases of B cell development, particularly during B cell activation and differentiation into plasma cells and memory cells.
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Acknowledgments |
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This project was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant AI19512. S. Pogue was supported by a predoctoral fellowship, NIH training grant 5 T32 AI07328. C.C. Goodnow was an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Submitted: 12 August 1999
Revised: 10 December 1999
Accepted: 15 December 1999
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