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Original Article |
andrev{at}med.mcgill.ca
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Key Words: adaptor • SLP-76 • Blnk • signaling • lymphocytes
The Src homology 2 (SH2)1 domain–containing leukocyte protein of 76 kD (SLP-76) family of adaptors includes two known members named SLP-76 and B linker protein (Blnk)/SLP-65/B cell adaptor containing the SH2 domain (BASH) 1234. Whereas SLP-76 is expressed in T cells, NK cells, mast cells, and platelets 5, Blnk/SLP-65/BASH is solely found in B cells 1. These two molecules share a common structure, including from the NH2 to the COOH terminus: (a) a basic region; (b) an acidic region containing several sites of tyrosine phosphorylation and proline-rich motifs able to associate with SH2 and SH3 domain–bearing molecules, respectively; (c) an SH2 domain; and (d) a short COOH-terminal sequence of unknown function.
Several lines of evidence demonstrate that SLP-76 plays an essential role in T cells, platelets, and mast cells. Most importantly, SLP-76–deficient mice were found to exhibit a profound block in T cell maturation at a very early (double-negative) stage, presumably due to a defect in pre-TCR signaling 67. Functional defects have also been noted in platelets and mast cells, but not in NK cells, derived from these animals 89. Additionally, characterization of an SLP-76–deficient variant of the T cell line Jurkat strongly suggested that SLP-76 is necessary for TCR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C (PLC)-
Even though the exact mechanisms of action of SLP-76 and Blnk remain to be established, it is noteworthy that SLP-76 can physically associate with several other proteins, such as Vav, Gads, Nck, and Fyb/SLP-76–associated phosphoprotein of 130 kD (SLAP-130) 1213141516171819. Furthermore, Blnk can bind to Vav, PLC-
In this paper, we report the cloning and characterization of a novel molecule, which appears to represent a third member of the SLP-76 family. Contrary to SLP-76 and Blnk, this polypeptide is selectively expressed in cytokine-stimulated hemopoietic cells. Based on this observation, it was termed Clnk (for cytokine-dependent hemopoietic cell linker).
Cells and Tissues.
Ribonuclease Protection Assays.
Antibodies.
Cell Stimulation.
Immunoprecipitations and Immunoblots.
Transfections.
1, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation, and IL-2 production in mature T cells 10. In a similar way, it is likely that Blnk plays a central role in B cell development and activation. Although Blnk-deficient mice have not yet been described, overexpression of Blnk in B cell lines was reported to cause an increase in B cell receptor (BCR)-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-1 and PLC-2, intracellular calcium flux, and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activation 1. Conversely, a Blnk-deficient B cell line exhibited dramatically reduced BCR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-2, intracellular calcium flux, and activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) 11. , Grb2, and Nck 1. Hence, it is probable that these adaptors function by orchestrating interactions between molecules playing a critical role in immunoreceptor signaling.
Materials and Methods
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Abstract
Materials and Methods
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cDNA Cloning.
A partial clnk cDNA was initially cloned from a mouse primitive hemopoietic cell (EML-16) cDNA library, during a yeast two-hybrid system screen using the cytoplasmic domain of platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1 as a bait (our unpublished results). Several full-length cDNAs were subsequently isolated from a cDNA library made from day 16 fetal mouse thymus (provided by Dr. L. Matis, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, CT), taking the partial cDNA as a probe. The 5' end of clnk was also verified by 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE; data not shown). Both strands of a representative full-length cDNA clone were sequenced. The clnk cDNA sequence data are available from EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ under accession no. AF187819.
The various hemopoietic cell lines used herein were described elsewhere 202122. Splenic T cells were isolated from 6–8-wk-old C57BL/6 mice using T cell columns (Cytovax Biotechnologies Inc.). More than 90% of cells obtained were CD3+ (data not shown). Splenic T cells were stimulated for 48 h with anti-CD3 mAb 145-2C11 (1 µg/ml 23) immobilized on plastic. They were then harvested, washed extensively, and replated for the indicated periods of time in the absence or presence of recombinant mouse IL-2. NK cells were obtained from splenic tissue of 6–8-wk-old Nude CD-1 mice (Charles River Canada), as described previously 24. Resting spleen cells were expanded for 
8 d in growth medium containing recombinant IL-2. After this period, nearly 100% of cells recovered were CD16+ and CD3– (data not shown). Bone marrow–derived mast cells (BMMCs) were established from the femurs of 8-wk-old C57BL/6 mice by prolonged culture (>3 wk) of bone marrow–derived cells in IL-3–containing medium. Approximately 100% of cells obtained with this protocol were positive for Fc
RI (data not shown).
Ribonuclease protection assays were performed as described elsewhere 2025, using a radiolabeled antisense riboprobe corresponding to nucleotides 965–1231 of mouse clnk (sequence data available from EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ under accession no. AF187819). The integrity of the various RNAs used in these assays was confirmed by electrophoresis of samples in agarose-formaldehyde gels, and subsequent staining of the gel with ethidium bromide (data not shown).
Polyclonal antibodies against Clnk were produced by immunizing rabbits with a trpE fusion protein encompassing amino acids 199–301 of Clnk. These antibodies did not cross-react with SLP-76 (data not shown). Affinity purification was achieved by passing the crude serum over a column containing the immunogen immobilized on Affigel (Bio-Rad). Antiphosphotyrosine mAb 4G10 was purchased from Upstate Biotechnology. Rabbit antibodies directed against Vav have been reported elsewhere 26.
The IL-2–dependent mouse T cell line 5.32.10 22 was activated via the TCR by stimulation for 3 min at 37°C in the presence of anti-CD3 mAb 145-2C11 and rabbit anti–hamster (RAH) IgG. The IL-3–dependent mouse myeloid cell line B6SutA1 21 was activated via FcRI by incubation for 3 min at 37°C with mouse IgG2a followed by F(ab')2 fragments of sheep anti–mouse (SAM) IgG. After stimulation, cells were lysed in TNE buffer (1x TNE: 50 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 1% NP-40, 2 mM EDTA), supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitors as detailed elsewhere 27.
For immunoprecipitation, postnuclear lysates were incubated with the indicated antibodies for 2 h. Immune complexes were then recovered by the addition of formalin-fixed Staphylococcus aureus (Pansorbin; Calbiochem-Novabiochem). After several washes, proteins were eluted in sample buffer and resolved by SDS-PAGE. For analysis of Clnk expression, cells were lysed directly in boiling SDS-containing sample buffer, and lysates corresponding to equivalent cell numbers were resolved by gel electrophoresis. Immunoblots were done according to a previously described protocol 28, using either 125I-labeled goat anti–mouse IgG (ICN Biomedicals) or protein A–horseradish peroxidase and enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
For transfections, the mouse clnk and slp-76 cDNAs were individually cloned in the mammalian expression vector pXM139, which contains the adenovirus major late promoter and the SV40 origin of replication. Cos-1 cells were transfected by the DEAE-dextran method with either pXM139 alone or pXM139-clnk (4 µg), as outlined previously 29. Jurkat TAg cells were transfected by electroporation with pXM139 alone, pXM139-clnk, or pXM139-slp-76, in the presence of either pNFAT-luciferase, pAP-1–luciferase, or pIL2 promoter–luciferase, according to a protocol detailed elsewhere 15. After 40 h, 106 viable cells were stimulated for 7 h with anti-CD3 mAb OKT3 (10 µg/ml) alone, OKT3 plus PMA (50 ng/ml), or PMA plus ionomycin (0.75 µg/ml). Cells were then lysed and assayed for luciferase activity using the luciferase reporter assay system (Promega) and a luminometer (EG&G Berthold). Results are presented as percentage of luciferase activity induced by PMA plus ionomycin.
Results
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Abstract
Materials and Methods
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Identification of a cDNA Encoding a Novel SH2 Domain–containing Molecule Related to SLP-76.
During an attempt to identify new ligands for the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) of PECAM-1 3031 using the yeast two-hybrid system, we cloned a novel mouse cDNA (see Materials and Methods). Preliminary sequence analysis indicated that this partial cDNA encoded a new SH2 domain–containing molecule (data not shown). Full-length cDNA clones were subsequently obtained through screening of a mouse thymus cDNA library and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Although we were unable to show an association between PECAM-1 and this novel molecule in mammalian cells (our unpublished results), its characterization was pursued as it constituted a potentially interesting novel signal transduction molecule. The deduced amino acid sequence of a representative cDNA clone is shown in Fig. 1 A.
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40–53% identity, 62–69% similarity; references 1–4) (Fig. 1 B). This degree of homology is typical for proteins belonging to the same family. While the overall structures of Clnk, SLP-76, and Blnk are also similar, it should be pointed out that the actual sequences outside the SH2 region of Clnk are quite distinct from those of the two other molecules. Despite this difference, it remains likely that Clnk represents a novel member of the SLP-76 family. Further support for this notion will require comparison of the exon–intron structures of the three slp-76–related genes.
clnk Is Selectively Expressed in Cytokine-stimulated Hemopoietic Cells.
The expression pattern of Clnk was analyzed by ribonuclease protection assay, as detailed in Materials and Methods (Fig. 2). Analysis of various mouse tissues (Fig. 2 A) indicated that clnk RNA was low or undetectable in most tissues, including bone marrow (lane 3), lymph node (lane 4), spleen (lane 8), and thymus (lane 10). Slightly greater quantities were present in kidney (lane 11). Evaluation of a panel of mouse hemopoietic cell lines (Fig. 2 B) revealed that most T cell (lanes 2–5), B cell (lanes 6–11), and macrophage (lanes 12 and 13) cell lines did not contain clnk transcripts. However, a subset expressed easily appreciable amounts of clnk RNA. These included the IL-2–dependent T cell line HT-2 (lane 5), the IL-3–dependent pro-B cell line Ba/F3 (lane 6), the mastocytoma cell line P815 (lane 14), the IL-3–dependent myeloid cell lines B6SutA1 (lane 15) and FDC-P1 (lane 16), and the primitive leukemia cell line L1210 (lane 17). clnk was also expressed in the IL-2–dependent T cell lines CTLL-2 (Fig. 2 C, lane 6) and 5.32.10 (lane 7), and in the IL-3–dependent myeloid cell line 32D (lane 11). Strikingly, most of the cell lines expressing clnk were dependent on cytokines for sustained growth. On this basis, our novel cDNA was named clnk, for cytokine-dependent hemopoietic cell linker.
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Coupled with the findings shown in Fig. 2, these data strongly suggested that sustained IL-2 stimulation was necessary for induction of clnk expression in T cells. But it was also possible that a small subset of T cells constitutively expressing clnk expanded preferentially in the presence of IL-2. To help resolve this issue, the impact of IL-2 on clnk expression was ascertained in an established T cell line (HT-2). After depriving them of IL-2 for 12 h, HT-2 cells were restimulated with IL-2 for various periods of time, and the levels of clnk RNA were monitored by ribonuclease protection assay (Fig. 3 C). First, this analysis showed that removal of IL-2 (lane 3) caused an approximately fourfold reduction in the abundance of clnk RNA in HT-2 cells, compared with cells grown in the continuous presence of IL-2 (lane 2). Furthermore, it demonstrated that reintroduction of the cytokine (lanes 4–8) provoked a rapid increase (approximately sixfold) in clnk expression, which was maximal after 6–9 h of stimulation (lanes 5 and 6). Thus, these observations were consistent with the idea that clnk expression in T lymphocytes was a consequence of IL-2 stimulation.
Finally, the expression of clnk was measured in other cytokine-induced normal hemopoietic cell types (Fig. 3 D). As was the case for IL-2–stimulated splenic T cells (lane 5), we found that clnk RNA accumulated in high amounts in IL-3–propagated BMMCs (lane 4) and IL-2–activated NK cells (lane 6).
Regulation of the Clnk Protein by Immunoreceptor Stimulation.
To identify the protein product of clnk, a polyclonal rabbit antiserum was generated against a bacterial fusion protein encompassing amino acids 199–301 of Clnk. When lysates from various hemopoietic cell lines were probed by immunoblotting with this antibody (Fig. 4 A), we found that HT-2 (lane 1), CTLL-2 (lane 2), Ba/F3 (lane 3), and B6SutA1 (lane 4), but not BI-141 T cells (lane 5), contained an 54-kD immunoreactive product consistent with Clnk. A similar polypeptide was observed in Cos-1 cells transfected with a clnk cDNA (lane 7), but not in control Cos-1 cells (lane 6). The presence of the Clnk protein was also examined in normal hemopoietic cells (Fig. 4 B). This assay demonstrated that IL-3–propagated BMMCs (lane 2), IL-2–stimulated T cells (lane 3), and IL-2–activated NK cells (lane 4) contained easily appreciable amounts of the 54-kD Clnk protein. The nature of the additional immunoreactive products of 50 and 44 kD in clnk-expressing hemopoietic cells (lanes 2–4) remains to be determined.
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92-kD phosphotyrosine–containing molecule (p92) in Clnk immunoprecipitates. Neither p54 nor p92 was present in immunoprecipitates generated with normal rabbit serum (NRS, lanes 3 and 4). The regulation of Clnk was also studied in the IL-3–dependent cell line B6SutA1, which can be activated via its high-affinity receptor for IgG (FcRI) by incubation with mouse IgG2a followed by F(ab')2 fragments of SAM IgG (Fig. 5 B). As seen in 5.32.10 T cells, Clnk became associated with a tyrosine-phosphorylated p92 in response to activation of B6SutA1 cells (top panel, lane 2). However, it is noteworthy that, in contrast to 5.32.10, the Clnk protein found in B6SutA1 was constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated (lane 1). While the basis for this difference is not known, it may reflect cell type–specific variations in Clnk regulation.
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Clnk Enhances Antigen Receptor–induced Activation of NFAT, AP-1, and IL-2 Promoter in T Cells.
Taking into consideration its relatedness to SLP-76 and Blnk, we wished to assess whether Clnk was able to impact on the outcome of immunoreceptor signaling. For this purpose, the effect of Clnk expression on antigen receptor–mediated activation of NFAT, AP-1, and IL-2 promoter was evaluated (Fig. 6). Jurkat T cells were transiently transfected by electroporation with a construct encoding either Clnk or SLP-76, in the presence of NFAT-luciferase, AP-1–luciferase, or IL-2 promoter–luciferase reporter plasmids. 40 h after transfection, cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 mAb OKT3 in the absence or presence of the phorbol ester PMA. After cell lysis, changes in luciferase activity were determined using a luminometer. All results were normalized according to the luciferase activity induced by the combination of PMA and ionomycin. This experiment showed that, like SLP-76 (183233; Fig. 6), the Clnk protein markedly enhanced the activation of NFAT (Fig. 6 A), AP-1 (Fig. 6 B), and IL-2 promoter (Fig. 6 C) in response to stimulation with anti-CD3 antibodies. An analogous effect was seen in cells treated with anti-CD3 plus PMA. It is of note that both Clnk and SLP-76 were able to induce some extent of transcriptional activation of these promoters in the absence of CD3 stimulation. While the exact significance of this observation is unclear, it may reflect the high levels of protein expression typically achieved in these systems.
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The involvement of Clnk in immunoreceptor signaling was first implied by the observation that it became acutely associated with a tyrosine-phosphorylated molecule (p92) in response to stimulation of either TCR or FcRI. Whereas the identity of p92 remains to be determined, it is likely that this molecule is an effector or a regulator of Clnk. Possibly, p92 allows Clnk to become functionally active in immunoreceptor-stimulated cells. More definitive evidence for the participation of Clnk in immunoreceptor-mediated signal transduction was lent by the finding that Clnk, like SLP-76, was capable of augmenting antigen receptor–induced activation of NFAT, AP-1, and IL-2 promoter in transiently transfected T cells. At first glance, this result may suggest that Clnk and SLP-76 actually have redundant functions in hemopoietic cells. The presence of Clnk could explain the lack of functional abnormalities noted in IL-2–activated NK cells from SLP-76–deficient mice 35. Nonetheless, it should be pointed out that Clnk and SLP-76 are likely to have specialized roles. Clnk lacks the two DYESP motifs present in the NH2-terminal portion of SLP-76, which mediate binding to the exchange factor Vav and the adaptor molecule Nck 121718193336. Accordingly, we have been unable to show binding of Clnk to either Vav or Nck (this report; our unpublished results). Even though these interactions are not necessary for SLP-76–mediated activation of NFAT 3336, they appear to be required for proper reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton during T cell activation 12. Likewise, the binding motif for the Gads adaptor molecule in SLP-76 (residues 224–244 [15]) is not strictly conserved in Clnk, raising the possibility that Clnk does not associate with Gads. Instead, Clnk possesses other sites of tyrosine phosphorylation and proline-rich motifs, as well as an SH2 domain, which presumably allow associations with an alternative set of partners. One of these molecules may be p92, which was tyrosine phosphorylated and became associated with Clnk in response to immunoreceptor stimulation. Clearly, a better understanding of the role of Clnk will come with the identification of these partners.
In summary, we have identified a novel SLP-76–related adaptor molecule named Clnk. While Clnk is absent in most hemopoietic cells, it is abundantly expressed in a variety of hemopoietic cell types after sustained exposure to cytokines. Taking into consideration our finding that Clnk was able to regulate immunoreceptor signaling, these results suggest that Clnk may provide a mechanism that modulates immunoreceptor signaling in response to cytokine receptor stimulation.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute of Canada and the Medical Research Council of Canada to A. Veillette. M.Y. Cao was supported by a Joseph Kaufmann Memorial Fellowship, and S. Latour was funded by a Fellowship from the Medical Research Council of Canada. A. Veillette is a Senior Scientist of the Medical Research Council of Canada.
Submitted: 29 July 1999
Revised: 9 September 1999
Accepted: 10 September 1999
M.Y. Cao and D. Davidson contributed work of equal importance to this paper and both should be viewed as first author.
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