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Vascular Research Division, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02160
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Key Words: L-selectin • cutaneous lymphocyte antigen • endothelium • human leukocytes • adhesion
L-selectin mediates lymphocyte binding to high endothelial venules (HEV)1 of peripheral lymph nodes, and facilitates leukocyte rolling along vascular endothelium during immune or inflammatory responses (1, 2). L-selectin is constitutively expressed by most leukocytes, whereas other members of the selectin family, P- and E-selectin, are expressed by activated vascular endothelium. The selectins bind carbohydrate determinants displayed in the proper context on a limited number of glycoproteins or proteoglycans, which serve as specific scaffolds for the display of oligosaccharides recognized by the selectin lectin/epidermal growth factor–like domains. L-selectin binds to at least four different heavily glycosylated mucin-like proteins expressed by HEV: GlyCAM-1 (3), CD34 (4), MAdCAM-1 (5), and a 200,000 Mr ligand (6). L-selectin also binds P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) expressed by leukocytes (7–10). Although the complete repertoire of L-selectin ligands is yet to be defined, most bear sulfated, sialylated, and fucosylated O-linked carbohydrate side chains which are essential for L-selectin binding (2).
Prototype carbohydrate ligands for the selectins include the sialyl Lewisx (sLex) tetrasaccharide. Lymph node HEV express sLex (11, 12), although sLex expression alone is generally not sufficient for L-selectin binding (13). L-selectin ligands expressed by HEV also characteristically require sulfation (6, 14) and bear a sulfate-dependent carbohydrate epitope identified by the MECA-79 mAb that inhibits lymphocyte binding to peripheral lymph nodes (15, 16). Sialylation and fucosylation of appropriate carbohydrate determinants are also critical for L-selectin ligand generation (17). Fucosyltransferase-VII (Fuc-TVII) is dominant in generating selectin ligands as illustrated by Fuc-TVII–deficient mice which are characterized by a severe selectin ligand deficiency resulting in blood leukocytosis, impaired leukocyte extravasation during inflammation, and faulty lymphocyte migration (18). The specific localization of Fuc-TVII expression to HEV also correlates with L-selectin ligand expression (19). A specific subset of anti-sLex mAbs, including HECA-452, 2F3, and 2H5, but not other anti-sLex mAbs such as CSLEX-1 and FH6, recognize sLex determinants and putative L-selectin ligands found on HEV (12, 20). The 2H5 mAb blocks L-selectin–dependent binding of leukocytes to HEV and inflamed skin venules in rats (21), and the HECA-452 mAb identifies a sLex-like determinant termed the cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA) (22–25). Antigen binding by the 2H5 and HECA-452 mAbs is independent of sulfation, but requires both sialic acid and fucose. By contrast, the MECA-79 mAb defines sulfate-dependent, but Fuc-TVII– and sialic acid–independent, carbohydrate antigens. Although some structures recognized by the HECA-452 and 2H5 mAbs have been identified (20), the precise structural specificity of their ligands has not been defined. Therefore, L-selectin ligands on HEV are likely to be synthesized through the concerted action of sialyltransferases, Fuc-TVII, and appropriate sulfotransferase(s).
A critical issue remaining is the identity of the vascular endothelial L-selectin ligand expressed at sites of inflammation. A cytokine-induced ligand for L-selectin is expressed by cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and microvascular endothelial cells (26–29). The ligand is not CD34, and cultured HUVEC do not express PSGL-1 or MAdCAM-1 (30, 31). L-selectin binding to HUVEC is sialic acid–dependent (26), but is resistant to cell treatment with O-sialoglycoprotease (OSGE) (30), an endopeptidase specific for glycoproteins containing closely spaced O-linked sialic acid residues. Vascular endothelial cells express sulfotransferases that may contribute to L-selectin ligand generation (32). Cultured HUVEC also express sialyltransferases and fucosyltransferases, and upregulate fucosyltransferase activity after cytokine activation (33). Likewise, inflammation induces increased expression of 2H5 mAb–defined determinants on vascular endothelium (21). Thus, it is possible that L-selectin ligands expressed on vascular endothelium are sLex-like determinants displayed by OSGE-resistant cell surface molecules that are distinct from the MECA-79 mAb–defined peripheral node addressins. Therefore, functional L-selectin ligands expressed by human vascular endothelium were further characterized in this study using HUVEC, an endothelial cell line derived from HUVEC, EA.hy926 (926 cells), and 926 cells transfected with human Fuc-TVII cDNA (926-FtVII cells). 926 cells maintain most of the characteristics of primary HUVEC (34, 35). These studies revealed that the CLA determinant appears to be a critical component of the L-selectin ligand that mediates lymphocyte tethering and rolling on activated vascular endothelium.
Antibodies.
Cell Lines and Lymphocyte Isolation.
Heparinized blood of normal volunteers was isolated using protocols approved by the Human Use Committee of Duke University (Durham, NC). PBLs were isolated by density gradient centrifugation using Lymphoprep (Nycomed Pharma As). HUVEC were isolated and cultured as described (26). In some experiments 926-FtVII cells or HUVEC were incubated with OSGE (80 and 160 µg/ml, respectively; Accurate Chemical and Scientific Corp.) or Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (0.1 U/ml; Calbiochem) in HBSS with Ca2+ and 10 mM Hepes buffer for 1 h at 37°C before the adhesion assays were carried out. To reduce protein sulfation, 926-FtVII cells and HUVEC were grown in medium containing 10 mM NaClO3 (Sigma Chemical Co.) for 24 h before functional assays. HL-60 cells and the mouse pre-B cell line, 300.19, were cultured as described (8). 300.19 cells transfected with a nonshedding form of L-selectin (L
Immunofluorescence Staining and Flow Cytometry Analysis.
Nonstatic Cell Binding Assays.
For assessing lymphocyte interactions with HUVEC, endothelial cells were grown to 50% confluence on 0.1% gelatin-coated glass slides and were stimulated with 100 U/ml of recombinant human TNF-
Endothelial–Leukocyte Adhesion Under Defined Flow Conditions.
RNA Isolation and PCR Amplification.
For semiquantitative analysis of Fuc-TVII mRNA levels, cDNA generated as described above was diluted over a broad range of concentrations (neat to 1:5,000). The relative intensity of Fuc-TVII and actin PCR bands generated from each cDNA aliquot was then determined by gel analysis to generate dose– response curves. The intensity of PCR products at a dilution of 1:50 to 1:100 was in the midpoint of the linear range where band intensity was proportional to the amount of input cDNA. For HUVEC, this translated into
Statistical Analysis.
Materials and Methods
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Materials and Methods
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L-selectin–IgM Fusion Protein.
A human L-selectin–mouse IgM fusion protein (L'IgM) was generated by fusing cDNAs encoding the extracellular domains of human L-selectin with the CH2-CH4 domains of mouse µ heavy chain. The L-selectin cDNA contained a membrane-proximal seven amino acid deletion, 
K-S, which prevents endoproteolytic cleavage as described (36). The L-selectin–IgM cDNA was used to transiently transfect COS cells by the DEAE-dextran method. After 1 wk, the culture supernatant fluid was concentrated by ultrafiltration (membrane XM300; Amicon Inc.) and L'IgM concentrations were measured by ELISA as described (37).
The anti–L-selectin (LAM1-3 and LAM1-14) mAbs were made as described (38, 39). The HECA-452 (anti-CLA), CSLEX-1 (anti-sLex), and MECA-79 hybridomas were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. The anti–PSGL-1 (PL-1; Dr. Kevin Moore, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK), CD57 (HNK-1; Dr. Max Cooper, University of Alabama in Birmingham, Birmingham, AL), anti– P-selectin (G1; Dr. Bruce Furie, Beth Israel Medical Center, Boston, MA), anti-VAP1 (TK8-14; Dr. Shirpa Jalkanen, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland) mAbs were gifts. The mouse mAbs to E-selectin (HAE-1f), VCAM-1 (HAE-2d), ICAM-1 (HAE-4b), and CD20 (HB13b) were produced as described (26, 40). The anti-CD34 (My10; Becton Dickinson), anti–mouse CD25 mAb (rat IgM; Southern Biotechnology Associates), FITC-conjugated goat anti–rat IgM and anti–mouse IgM antibodies (Southern Biotechnology Associates), and FITC-conjugated goat anti–mouse IgG (CALTAG Laboratories) were obtained commercially.
926 cells were a gift from Dr. Cora-Jean Edgell (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC). 926 cells expressing 
1,3 fucosyltransferase (926-FtVII) were generated by transfecting 926 cells with Fuc-TVII cDNA (from Dr. Brent Weston, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). Experiments were carried out using either two different uncloned polyclonal populations of 926-FtVII cells, lines of HECA-452+926-FtVII cells cloned from these parental populations of transfected cells, or oligoclonal populations of HECA-452+ bright cells isolated by fluorescence-based cell sorting. Similar, if not identical, immunofluorescence staining and cell-binding results were obtained with each cell population. COS cells were similarly transfected with Fuc-TVII cDNA with subsequent selection of clonal transfected cell lines. M-N) were generated as described (36) and are termed 300.19-L'.
Lymphocytes or single-cell suspensions of 926 cells, HUVEC, or COS-FtVII cells were washed twice, and 106 cells were incubated with primary antibodies diluted to optimal concentrations for immunostaining on ice for 30–40 min. After washing, secondary antibody diluted to the appropriate concentration for optimal staining was added to the cells for 30 min. The cells were washed and immunofluorescent staining was analyzed on a FACScan® flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson). For staining with the L'IgM fusion protein, 106 cells were incubated with L'IgM (10 µg/ml) for 40 min on ice, then diluted FITC-conjugated goat anti–mouse IgM antibody was added for 40 min, followed by addition of PBS-2% Nu-serum for immediate analysis by flow cytometry.
An in vitro adhesion assay similar to the Stamper-Woodruff frozen section assay (41) was used as described (8, 26). 926 cells and 926-FtVII cells were cultured overnight on glass microscope slides. In some experiments, COS or COS-FtVII cells were transiently transfected with PSGL-1 (pPL85, from Dr. Dale Cumming, Genetics Institute, Cambridge, MA) or CD34 (from Dr. Daniel Tenen, Beth Israel-Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA) cDNAs using the DEAE-dextran method as described (8). 24 h later, transfected COS or COS-FtVII cells were transferred onto glass slides and were cultured overnight to between 25 and 50% confluence. Lymphocytes or 300.19 cells were washed twice in cold DMEM with high glucose plus 5% FCS and then resuspended in the same medium. In mAb blocking experiments, cells were preincubated in 200 µl medium with or without the appropriate mAb for 20 min on ice before the binding assays were initiated. Lymphocytes or 300.19 cells were added (106 in 200 µl) to the slides with horizontal rotation (64 rpm) at 4°C. After 30 min, the medium was tipped off the slide, and the slides were placed vertically in fixative (PBS, 2.4% [vol/vol] glutaraldehyde, pH 7.4) overnight at 4°C. The slides were evaluated by phase-contrast microscopy, and representative fields were photographed (final magnification: x400). The number of adherent cells was counted for at least 10 random microscopic fields (0.16 mm2) on each of three slides. (Genzyme Corp.) for 6 h. Lymphocytes (106 in 200 µl) resuspended in M199 medium containing 20% FCS were overlayered onto each washed slide. Subconfluent monolayers of HUVEC were used in these assays to allow accurate determinations of the numbers of leukocytes bound with similar results obtained when confluent monolayers of HUVEC were used. The use of subconfluent endothelial cell monolayers did not promote leukocyte binding due to matrix interactions under rotation, as the leukocytes did not bind to spaces between HUVEC. Nonstatic binding assays were carried out as above.
Lymphocyte–endothelial cell interactions under physiologic flow conditions were assessed using an in vitro flow chamber as described (42). 926 or 926-FtVII cells grown to confluence on glass coverslips were placed in a parallel-plate flow chamber. Lymphocytes (106 cells/ml) resuspended in PBS containing 0.75 mM CaCl2, 0.75 mM MgCl2, and 0.5% (wt/vol) BSA were perfused through the chamber for 10 min at a calculated shear stress of 1.85 dyn/cm2 via a syringe pump (Harvard Apparatus). Lymphocyte–endothelial interactions were videotaped using an inverted phase-contrast microscope with 10x or 40x objective power (Olympus Corp.) and a CCD video camera (Hitachi Denshi, Ltd.). After a 10-min perfusion period, multiple fields were videotaped for at least 30 s each over the next 4 min of perfusion. In some cases, composite digitized images of single video tape frames were generated using commercial software (Optimus version 5.0; Optimus Inc.) with contrast and brightness optimized using Adobe Photoshop (Adobe Systems). Rolling velocities were measured by determining the average time it took 100 lymphocytes to roll a 400-µm distance over the endothelial cell monolayer in multiple fields for each experiment. Rolling lymphocyte numbers represent the number of rolling lymphocytes that crossed a 400-µm line over a 10-s time period in at least 10 random fields for each experiment.
Total cellular RNA isolated from cell pellets of 926-FtVII cells and HUVEC was used for cDNA synthesis as described (43). PCR amplification of Fuc-TVII cDNA used sense 5'-TCA GCC ACC TCC GAG GCA TCT TCA ACT G-3', and antisense 5'-CGT TGG TAT CGG CTC TCA TTC ATG CCA GTG A-3' primers to amplify a 500-bp fragment. PCR amplification was carried out at 94°C for 5 min, then 30 cycles of 94°C for 1 min, 66°C for 1 min, 72°C for 1 min, followed by 72°C for 5 min. Primers for actin were sense 5'-ATG TTT GAG ACC TTC AAC AC-3', and antisense 5'-CAC GTC ACA CTT CAT GAT GG-3', which generate a 495-bp fragment with PCR amplification as follows: 94°C for 5 min, then 30 cycles of 94°C for 1.5 min, 55°C for 2 min, 72°C for 1 min; followed by 72°C for 5 min. The PCR products were electrophoresed, transferred to nitrocellulose, and then hybridized with radiolabeled Fuc-TVII cDNA probe. Blots were exposed to x-Omat AR film (Kodak) or quantified using a Storm 680 PhosphorImager (Molecular Dynamics). 
4 x 105 starting cell equivalents for cDNA synthesis and Fuc-TVII amplification, and 2 x 105 starting cell equivalents for actin cDNA synthesis and amplification.
Data are expressed as means ± SEM unless indicated otherwise. The Student's t test was used to determine the significance of differences in sample population means.
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Abstract
Materials and Methods
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Discussion
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Vascular Endothelial Cells Express L-selectin Ligands.
L-selectin ligands expressed on vascular endothelium were characterized using the chimeric fusion protein, L'IgM, a method originally described by others (7). Immunofluorescent staining of HUVEC-derived 926 cells demonstrated low levels of L'IgM reactivity that were inhibited to background staining levels by the presence of EDTA (Fig. 1, top). Treatment of 926 cells with cytokines or agents previously shown to induce L-selectin ligands on endothelial cells (26) did not affect L'IgM reactivity (data not shown). 926 cells stably transfected with a cDNA encoding Fuc-TVII (926-FtVII) reacted more intensely with L'IgM than untransfected 926 cells (Fig. 1, middle). L'IgM binding to 926-FtVII cells was completely inhibited by EDTA (Fig. 1, middle) and was decreased by 65–76% in the presence of the LAM1-3 mAb, which blocks L-selectin function (Fig. 1, bottom). Therefore, 926 endothelial cells express L-selectin ligands which are augmented by increasing Fuc-TVII expression.
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49 µm/s in wild-type mice to 129 µm/s in P-selectin–deficient mice under conditions where L-selectin predominantly mediates rolling (48). In addition, ICAM-1 deficiency also results in leukocytes rolling at faster velocities in vivo (49). Therefore, increased sLex and CLA expressions were the only detectable differences between 926 and 926-FtVII cells.
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Sialylation and Sulfation Are Important Features of Vascular L-selectin Ligands.
Whether sialylation or sulfation influenced L-selectin–mediated lymphocyte attachment to 926-FtVII cells was assessed. Pretreatment of 926-FtVII cells with neuraminidase abolished (>98% decrease) lymphocyte attachment to 926-FtVII cells in both nonstatic binding assays (Fig. 5 A) and under defined flow conditions (Fig. 5 B). Similarly, culturing 926-FtVII cells in the presence of sodium chlorate (NaClO3) for 24 h significantly inhibited (74–84%) lymphocyte attachment in nonstatic binding assays (Fig. 5 A). Although L-selectin binds to several mucin-like proteins that are sensitive to endoproteolytic cleavage by OSGE, treatment of 926-FtVII cells with OSGE did not significantly affect lymphocyte attachment in the nonstatic binding assays (Fig. 5 A) or under physiologic flow conditions (Fig. 5 B). In parallel control assays with HL-60 cells, OSGE treatment completely removed the PL-1 mAb–defined epitope from PSGL-1 (data not shown). Thus, sialic acid and sulfate are essential components of the L-selectin ligands expressed on vascular endothelium even though the ligands on vascular endothelium are OSGE-resistant.
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activation (Fig. 6 A). L'IgM binding peaked between 4 and 6 h of HUVEC activation and was sustained at high levels for at least 24 h. At each time point, L'IgM reactivity was reduced to background staining levels in the absence of Ca2+. Similar results were obtained when HUVEC were stained with the HECA-452 mAb; low levels of CLA expression by resting HUVEC with expression significantly increased (100–200%) 6 h after TNF- activation (Fig. 6 B). In addition, resting HUVEC expressed Fuc-TVII transcripts and relative Fuc-TVII mRNA levels increased 1.8–2.0-fold (n = 2) after TNF- activation for 6 h (Fig. 6 C). 926 cells also expressed Fuc-TVII mRNA, but at levels significantly below those of 926-FtVII cells (data not shown). Therefore, the time course of increased L'IgM and HECA-452 staining correlated with the previously described induction of functional L-selectin ligands after HUVEC activation (26).
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–activated HUVEC correlated with lymphocyte binding. In nonstatic binding assays, TNF- activation of HUVEC induced significant lymphocyte binding, whereas resting HUVEC supported minimal binding (Fig. 6 D). The LAM1-3 mAb inhibited lymphocyte binding to activated HUVEC by 65– 76%, while the non–function-blocking LAM1-14 mAb did not affect lymphocyte binding (Fig. 6 D). Treatment of activated HUVEC with the HECA-452 mAb reduced lymphocyte binding by 53–71%. Pretreatment of activated HUVEC with neuraminidase reduced lymphocyte binding by 46–55%. HUVEC cultured in the presence of 10 mM NaClO3 for 24 h, with TNF- added during the last 6 h of culture, also significantly inhibited (31–40%) lymphocyte binding. By contrast, OSGE treatment of cytokine-activated HUVEC did not significantly affect lymphocyte binding as previously reported (30). Thus, lymphocyte binding to activated HUVEC through L-selectin required interactions with a sulfated, CLA-bearing ligand.
CLA Expression Alone Is Insufficient for L-selectin Binding.
Whether CLA expression alone was sufficient to generate L-selectin ligands was assessed using COS cells stably transfected with Fuc-TVII cDNA. COS cells did not express the HECA-452 antigen, although COS-FtVII cells expressed CLA at levels comparable to those observed on 926-FtVII cells (Fig. 4 A and Fig. 7 A). In sharp contrast with 926-FtVII cells, COS-FtVII cells did not bind lymphocytes or 300.19-L' cells in nonstatic binding assays (Fig. 7, B and C). To assess whether a specific protein backbone was required for CLA presentation, COS-FtVII cells were transiently transfected with cDNAs encoding either PSGL-1 or CD34. COS-FtVII cells expressed these cell surface antigens at high levels (Fig. 7 A). COS-FtVII cells expressing PSGL-1 bound both lymphocytes and 300.19-L' cells at high levels (Fig. 7, B and C). By contrast, COS-FtVII cells expressing CD34 did not bind either lymphocytes or 300.19-L' cells above background levels under these assay conditions. These results demonstrate that CLA may require a specific protein scaffold to serve as an L-selectin ligand, in addition to a requirement for appropriate sulfation.
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CLA, as defined by the HECA-452 mAb, is a carbohydrate determinant specifically expressed by HEV within lymphoid organs, by monocyte subsets and small numbers of leukocytes in tonsils and lymph nodes, and by endothelium at sites of long-standing chronic inflammation (50). However, most noted is that the HECA-452 antigen identifies a population of skin-homing memory T cells which bind E-selectin displayed by dermal endothelium (23, 24, 51, 52). Although the induction of CLA expression within vessels of inflamed tissues also closely correlates with intense local infiltration of lymphocytes, a role for CLA as an L-selectin ligand was initially discounted since saturating HEV with the HECA-452 mAb did not inhibit lymphocyte binding (50). However, our finding that preincubation of endothelial cells with the HECA-452 mAb blocked L-selectin–mediated binding of leukocytes to non-HEV vascular endothelium (Figs. 3, 4, and 6) clearly demonstrates that CLA is a major component of the vascular L-selectin ligand. In addition, recent studies have shown that the HECA-452 mAb can bind sulfo sLex determinant(s) which may serve as L-selectin ligands on HEV (12, 20) and rat endothelium at sites of inflammation (21). Since HEV-like vessels that support lymphocyte migration are observed in chronically inflamed nonlymphoid tissues, the current studies suggest that a subset of CLA determinants induced on vascular endothelial cells functions as L-selectin ligands.
Although CLA was an essential component of the vascular L-selectin ligand, CLA expression alone was not sufficient for L-selectin binding. Sulfation was also required since NaClO3 treatment of 926-FtVII cells (Fig. 5 A) and activated HUVEC (Fig. 6 D) abrogated L-selectin–dependent attachment. In addition, vascular endothelial cells may be required to display CLA on specialized glycoprotein scaffolds (Fig. 7). This tripartite requirement for L-selectin ligand components may explain why 926-FtVII cells appeared to express CLA at high levels, but bound lower levels of L'IgM fusion protein (Figs. 1 and 4). Thus, L-selectin may only bind a subset of CLA that is appropriately sulfated or displayed by appropriate sulfated scaffolds. Similarly, activated HUVEC bound L'IgM well, yet HECA-452 staining was not dramatically increased after activation (Fig. 6, A and B). Thus, CLA expression on HUVEC may be restricted to a subset of cell surface structures that efficiently function as L-selectin ligands. Additionally, L-selectin may bind different vascular ligands with differing affinities. It is possible that the L'IgM fusion protein binds low-affinity L-selectin ligands which are unable to support cell rolling but are visualized during immunofluorescence staining experiments with the pentameric L'IgM fusion protein. There may also be a sharp threshold for ligand expression levels required for L-selectin–mediated attachment or rolling that could make large differences in leukocyte binding to activated endothelium. Just two- to fivefold differences in L-selectin expression levels dramatically affect L-selectin binding activity for PSGL-1 in vitro and HEV in vivo (8, 53). Thus, upregulated expression of fucosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, sialyltransferases, or protein scaffolds could each contribute to the generation of functional L-selectin ligands in vivo.
The protein backbone of the vascular L-selectin ligand may be unknown. CLA displayed on PSGL-1 functions as the dominant L-selectin ligand on leukocytes (Tu, L., P.G. Murphy, and T.F. Tedder, manuscript in preparation), but PSGL-1 is not expressed by endothelial cells (31). CLA on endothelial cells is also unlikely to be presented by GlyCAM-1, sgp200, or CD34. GlyCAM-1 lacks a transmembrane domain and is likely to be a secretory product of HEV found primarily in serum (54). The sgp200 HEV ligand may also be a secreted protein like GlyCAM-1 (6, 55). CD34 is only expressed by a small subset of HUVEC, is not upregulated by cytokines, and is OSGE-sensitive, whereas the vascular L-selectin ligand is OSGE-insensitive (Fig. 5, and reference 30). In addition, mice lacking CD34 are generally normal (33). Therefore, it is tempting to speculate that L-selectin will require or prefer CLA presentation by a specialized glycoprotein. Endothelial L-selectin ligands may also vary in differing vascular beds. For example, TNF induces L-selectin ligands on cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells that are not affected by neuraminidase treatment and appear to be related to heparan sulfate (29). Similarly, L-selectin ligands identified on human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells do not require sialic acid, but do require sulfation (56). Thus, the current studies will need to be extended to other vascular beds and the complete structure of the L-selectin ligand will need to be further characterized.
L-selectin ligands on HEV of lymphoid tissues historically have been identified by the MECA-79 mAb, although this antigen was not a component of the L-selectin ligand on human vascular endothelium. The MECA-79 mAb identifies a specific sulfation-dependent epitope on some carbohydrate side chains expressed by HEV (6, 15, 16, 19). These carbohydrates are also expressed on human venular endothelium at cutaneous lesions and sites of chronic inflammation (57, 58). The MECA-79 mAb blocks lymphocyte binding to murine peripheral lymph node HEV by 95% (15), and it inhibits lymphocyte migration into lymph nodes in vivo by 80% (15, 59). However, in humans, the MECA-79 mAb only partially inhibits (30–50%) lymphocyte binding to HEV of peripheral lymph nodes (58, 60). In addition, OSGE-resistant L-selectin ligands distinct from the MECA-79-subset of sLex antigens are expressed by human HEV (60), a finding consistent with the observation that HEV of Fuc-TVII–deficient mice are unable to support L-selectin–mediated lymphocyte binding despite expressing the MECA-79 antigen at normal levels (18). Therefore, it is possible that the CLA-bearing vascular L-selectin ligand identified in this study may share functional and structural characteristics with the OSGE-resistant L-selectin ligands of HEV.
In summary, the current findings demonstrate that CLA provides a key component in the expression of L-selectin ligands on vascular endothelium that initiate leukocyte tethering and rolling. The association of CLA with the recruitment of lymphocytes to sites of inflammation in the skin (50) is consistent with a demonstrated role for L-selectin in mediating leukocyte migration to the skin during contact hypersensitivity responses and after allogeneic skin transplantation (61, 62). Moreover, CLA is expressed by vessels with the morphologic appearance of HEV in areas of extensive lymphoid infiltration in autoimmune thyroiditis, Graves and Hashimoto's disease, and in the gut of patients with Crohn's disease (50). Since the generation of CLA correlates with Fuc-TVII enzymatic activity and requires sulfation, this offers two potential sites for therapeutic regulation of L-selectin ligand expression during vascular inflammation.
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This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants AI-26872, CA-54464, HL-50985, HL-53993, and HL-36028.
Submitted: 29 May 1998
Revised: 16 November 1998
1 Abbreviations used in this paper: CLA, cutaneous lymphocyte antigen; Fuc-TVII, fucosyltransferase-VII; 926-FtVII, EA.hy926 cells stably transfected with Fuc-TVII cDNA; HEV, high endothelial venules; HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; L'IgM, human L-selectin–mouse IgM fusion protein; OSGE, O-sialoglycoprotease; PSGL-1, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1; sLex, sialyl Lewisx.
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