The Journal of Experimental Medicine
  Home | Help | Feedback | Subscriptions | Archive | Search | Table of Contents
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF, 106K)
Right arrow PPT slides of all figures
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new content in the JEM
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via CrossRef
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Tanguay, D. A.
Right arrow Articles by Rothstein, T. L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Tanguay, D. A.
Right arrow Articles by Rothstein, T. L.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Facebook   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?
© The Rockefeller University Press, 0022-1007/1999/6/1685/ $5.00
The Journal of Experimental Medicine, Volume 189, Number 11, June 7, 1999 1685-1690

Articles

Early Induction of Cyclin D2 Expression in Phorbol Ester–responsive B-1 Lymphocytes

Debra A. Tanguay*, Thomas P. Colarusso{ddagger},||, Sandra Pavlovic*, Macarena Irigoyen{ddagger},||, Robert G. Howard{ddagger},||, Jiri Bartek, Thomas C. Chiles*, and Thomas L. Rothstein{ddagger},§,||

From the * Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467; the {ddagger} Department of Medicine, the § Department of Microbiology, and || The Evans Memorial Department of Clinical Research, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118; and the Division of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark DK-2100


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
B-1 lymphocytes represent a distinct B cell subset with characteristic features that include self-renewing capacity and unusual mitogenic responses. B-1 cells differ from conventional B cells in terms of the consequences of phorbol ester treatment: B-1 cells rapidly enter S phase in response to phorbol ester alone, whereas B-2 cells require a calcium ionophore in addition to phorbol ester to trigger cell cycle progression. To address the mechanism underlying the varied proliferative responses of B-1 and B-2 cells, we evaluated the expression and activity of the G1 cell cycle regulator, cyclin D2, and its associated cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). Cyclin D2 expression was upregulated rapidly, within 2–4 h, in phorbol ester–stimulated B-1 cells, in a manner dependent on intact transcription/translation, but was not increased in phorbol ester– stimulated B-2 cells. Phorbol ester–stimulated cyclin D2 expression was accompanied by the formation of cyclin D2–Cdk4, and, to a lesser extent, cyclin D2–Cdk6, complexes; cyclin D2– containing complexes were found to be catalytically functional, in terms of their ability to phosphorylate exogenous Rb in vitro and to specifically phosphorylate endogenous Rb on serine780 in vivo. These results strongly suggest that the rapid induction of cyclin D2 by a normally nonmitogenic phorbol ester stimulus is responsible for B-1 cell progression through G1 phase. The ease and rapidity with which cyclin D2 responds in B-1 cells may contribute to the proliferative features of this subset.

Key Words: B lymphocytes • B-1 cells • B-2 cells • cyclins • cyclin-dependent kinases

Address correspondence to Thomas L. Rothstein, Boston Medical Center, Rm. E-556, 88 East Newton St., Boston, MA 02118. Phone: 617-638-7028; Fax: 617-638-7530; E-mail: trothstein{at}med-med1.bu.edu

Abbreviations used: Cdk, cyclin-dependent kinase; DTT, dithiothreitol; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; sIg, surface immunoglobulin; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription.

B-1 cells constitute a unique B lymphocyte subset, originally distinguished from conventional B (B-2) cells by low level expression of the pan-T cell surface glycoprotein, CD5, but now known to exhibit many additional characteristic features that are both phenotypic and functional in nature (for review, see references 1–3). B-1 cells appear early in development and contribute substantial proportions of nonimmune (resting) IgM and IgA that are repertoire restricted. Early adoptive transfer experiments suggested that B-1 cells represent a separate lymphocyte lineage whose precursors are not found in adult murine bone marrow (1– 3). Instead, repopulation of B-1 cells occurred only in mice that had also received surface Ig (sIg)1-positive B-1 cells, thereby defining the capacity of B-1 cells for "self-renewal." Aberrations in this process may be associated with the occurrence of clonal expansions of B-1 cells (4, 5). More recent studies have raised the possibility that B-1 cells result from particular sIg signaling of a relatively mature B cell; this is supported by in vitro studies showing that B-2 cells acquire CD5 expression after sIg cross-linking, and in vivo studies demonstrating an overabundance of B-1 cells in mice transgenic for certain B cell receptors (6, 7). In keeping with this, B-1 cells bear some features of previously activated B cells, including low density, surface expression of CD44 and IL-5R, and nuclear, activated signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 and STAT3 (8–10). However, numerous other molecular and transcriptional markers for activation are lacking (11–13). Thus, regardless of origin, mature B-1 cells cannot be looked on simply as an activated version of B-2 cells, but rather appear to manifest a unique blend of characteristics, some of which are induced in B-2 cells after stimulation.

B-1 cells differ dramatically from B-2 cells in the signals required to produce cell cycle progression to S phase. On the one hand, sIg cross-linking by anti-Ig Ab, which drives B-2 cells to incorporate thymidine, fails to similarly stimulate B-1 cells (14, 15). This failure appears to result from a block in sIg-mediated signal transduction at the level of phospholipase C{gamma}2 activation, and in this respect B-1 cells appear to be hyporesponsive in comparison with B-2 cells (16). On the other hand, treatment with phorbol ester alone drives B-1 cells to enter S phase, whereas phorbol ester fails to similarly stimulate B-2 cells (14, 15, 17). Instead, B-2 cells are stimulated by phorbol ester only in combination with a calcium ionophore, so in this respect B-1 cells appear to be hyperresponsive. B-1 cell hyperresponsiveness to phorbol ester treatment is further manifested in the rapidity with which S phase is attained; peak thymidine incorporation occurs 24–30 h after B-1 cells are stimulated with PMA, but 54–60 h after B-2 cells are stimulated with PMA plus ionomycin (or with anti-Ig or LPS [14, 15]). The origin of the very rapid progression to S phase of phorbol ester–stimulated B-1 cells has not been clarified.

We investigated whether the rapid cell cycle progression observed in B-1 cells responding to PMA is accompanied by altered expression of cell cycle regulatory gene products, in particular the G1 cyclins. Cyclins are growth factor inducible proteins that regulate cell cycle progression by associating with a group of serine/threonine kinases, the cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks [18]). A subgroup of cyclins, the D-type cyclins (D1, D2, and D3), are involved in regulating the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and their expression appears to be rate-limiting for G1 phase progression (19–26). Complexes containing D-type cyclins and either Cdk4 or Cdk6 function in part by phosphorylating members of the retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) family (27–32). Hyperphosphorylation of Rb attenuates its growth-inhibitory properties, thereby allowing cells to progress into the late G1 phase of the cell cycle (33, 34). To elucidate the unusually swift response of B-1 cells to phorbol ester alone, we analyzed the timing of cyclin D expression. We found that phorbol ester induces unusually early expression of cyclin D2 in B-1 but not B-2 cells, that this early-expressed cyclin D2 associates with Cdk4, and that this correlates with assembly of active kinase complexes and phosphorylation of Rb at the Cdk4 phosphoacceptor Ser780 site.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Animals.
Male BALB/cByJ mice at 8–14 wk of age were obtained from The Jackson Laboratory. Mice were housed at least 1 wk before experimentation. Mice were cared for and handled at all times in accordance with National Institutes of Health and institutional guidelines.

B Cell Purification.
B-1 and B-2 lymphocytes were prepared by negative selection from peritoneal washout cells and from spleen cell suspensions, as described previously (35). The resulting B cells were cultured at 37°C with 5% CO2 in RPMI 1640 medium (BioWhittaker) supplemented with 5% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Sigma Chemical Co.), 10 mM Hepes (pH 7.2), 50 µM 2-ME, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 µg/ml streptomycin. B-1 cells were 90–96% sIgM+, CD5/ Mac-1+ by flow cytometric analysis.

Immunoprecipitation.
B cells were lysed by incubation for 30 min (4°C) in ice-cold NP-40 buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 20 mM EDTA, 0.5% NP-40, 1 mM PMSF, 25 µg/ ml leupeptin/aprotinin, 1 mM Na3VO4, and 10 mM β-glycerophosphate) (22). Insoluble material was removed by centrifugation at 15,000 g for 15 min (4°C). Cell lysates were then incubated for 3 h with 1.5 µg nonimmune IgG or 1.5 µg anti-Cdk4 Ab, or 1.5 µg anti-Cdk6 Ab, followed by the addition of 50 µl of a 1:1 slurry of protein G–agarose. After 90 min, the immune complexes were collected, washed several times in NP-40 buffer, and separated by electrophoresis through a 10% polyacrylamide SDS gel. The resulting proteins were then transferred to Immobilon-P membrane (Millipore) and immunoblotted with an anti-cyclin D2 mAb (1:500 dilution in TBST) as described below.

Immunoblotting.
For detection of cyclin D2, cyclin D3, and retinoblastoma, B lymphocytes were solubilized in 100 µl of solubilization buffer (50 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, 15 mM EGTA, 137 mM NaCl, 15 mM MgCl2, 0.1% Triton X-100, 10 mM β-glycerophosphate, 1 mM Na3VO4, 1 mM PMSF, and 1 µg/ml aprotinin/leupeptin) and NP-40 buffer supplemented with 20 mM NaF, respectively (36). Insoluble material was removed by centrifugation at 15,000 g (15 min), and 10–20 µg of total protein was separated through a 12% polyacrylamide SDS gel and transferred to Immobilon-P membrane. The Immobilon-P membrane was blocked in TBST (20 mM Tris, pH 7.6, 137 mM NaCl, and 0.1% Tween-20) containing 5% nonfat dry milk (4 h), washed several times, and then incubated 18 h with specific primary Abs. The membrane was washed extensively with TBST, incubated with anti–rabbit or mouse IgG-conjugated horseradish peroxidase Ab at 1:3,000 in TBST (90 min), and developed by enhanced chemiluminescence.

In Vitro Rb Kinase Assay.
B cells were sonicated at 4.0°C in Rb buffer (50 mM Hepes, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 2.5 mM EGTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol [DTT], 0.1% Tween-20, 10% glycerol, 0.1 mM PMSF, 1 µg/ml leupeptin/aprotinin, 10 mM β-glycerophosphate, 1 mM NaF, and 0.1 mM Na3VO4) (28). Insoluble material was removed by centrifugation, and the supernatant was incubated with 1.5 µg nonimmune rabbit IgG or 1.5 µg anti-cyclin D2 Ab. After 3 h, 50 µl of a 1:1 slurry of protein G–agarose was added and incubated for an additional 60 min. The immune complexes were then washed six times with Rb buffer and three times in a buffer of 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, and 1 mM DTT. The immune complexes were resuspended in 30 µl of kinase buffer (50 mM Hepes, pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl2, 5 mM MnCl2, 1 mM DTT, 2.5 mM EGTA, 10 mM β-glycerophosphate, 0.1 mM Na3VO4, and 10 µCi [{gamma}-32P]ATP at 6,000 Ci/ mmol) in the presence of 1 µg of a truncated Rb protein substrate (p56Rb). The reactions were terminated after 15 min at 30°C by the addition of 2x SDS sample buffer, and the kinase mixture was separated through a 10% polyacrylamide SDS gel. Phosphorylated Rb was detected by autoradiography of the dried gel.

Northern Blot Analysis.
Total RNA was isolated from primary B cells (Ultraspec RNA reagent; Biotecx Laboratories, Inc.), size fractionated by denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis, and transferred to GeneScreen Plus membranes (NEN Life Science Products, Inc.). Membranes were hybridized with radiolabeled cDNA probes specific for cyclin D2 and glyceraldehyde-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), generated by PCR using previously reported primer sequences (37, 38), and developed by autoradiography.

Reagents.
F(ab')2 fragments of goat anti–mouse IgM were obtained from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories and used at 15 µg/ml. PMA was obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. and used at 300 ng/ml. Percoll was obtained from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech. Anti–rabbit and anti–mouse IgG-conjugated horseradish peroxidase Abs, anti-cyclin D2 Ab (sc-452), and anti-Cdk4 Ab (sc-260) were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Anti-Cdk6 Ab (13446E) was obtained from PharMingen. The production of mouse anti-cyclin D2 Ab (DCS-3 and DCS-5) and mouse anti-cyclin D3 Ab (DCS-22), used for immunoblotting, has been described (39, 40). Antiactin Ab was obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. Rb phosphoserine780–specific Ab was obtained from MBL International Corp. (41). The truncated Rb substrate protein (p56Rb) was obtained from QED Advanced Research Technologies. Enhanced chemiluminescence reagents were obtained from Kirkegaard & Perry. Protein G–agarose was obtained from Life Technologies.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
To investigate intrinsic differences between B-1 and B-2 proliferative responses to phorbol ester, we evaluated the expression of D-type cyclin regulators, which function to couple mitogenic pathways to cell cycle regulatory Cdks in a number of divergent cell types (18). Because we previously identified cyclin D2 as the major D-type cyclin expressed in anti-Ig and LPS mitogenically activated mature B-2 lymphocytes, we initially focused on this G1 cyclin (36).

B cells were treated with the phorbol ester PMA or anti-Ig for various periods of time, after which solubilized proteins were size fractionated by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted with an mAb that specifically recognizes cyclin D2 (39). Stimulation of B-2 cells with anti-Ig produced substantial upregulation of cyclin D2 expression, which peaked at 24 h, as shown in Fig. 1 and as reported previously (36). In contrast, PMA treatment of B-2 cells, which fails to induce S phase entry, failed to produce any detectable increase in cyclin D2 (Fig. 1). The results with B-1 cells were completely inverted. Stimulation of B-1 cells with anti-Ig, which fails to induce S phase entry, failed to produce a substantial increase in cyclin D2 (data not shown). However, PMA treatment of B-1 cells produced marked induction of cyclin D2 expression (Fig. 1 A). The PMA-induced increase in cyclin D2 occurred quite early, reaching a peak within 2–4 h of treatment, much sooner than the onset of cyclin D2 expression in anti-Ig–stimulated B-2 cells, and significantly earlier than inducible cyclin D2 expression observed in other cells of hematopoietic origin (20, 23, 42). By 14 h, the level of cyclin D2 in PMA-stimulated B-1 cells had significantly declined although it was still readily detected as B-1 cells entered S phase.


Figure 1
View larger version (29K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
  		Figure 1 Cyclin D2 expression is induced early and uniquely in B-1 lymphocytes treated with PMA. (A) Primary B-1 and B-2 lymphocytes were cultured in the presence of medium alone (Med) or were stimulated with PMA (300 ng/ml) for 1, 2, 4, 14, and 24 h. As a control, parallel cultures of B-2 cells were treated with anti-Ig for 24 h. At the indicated times, cells were lysed in a 0.1% Triton X-100 buffer, and 10 µg protein was then resolved by 10% SDS-PAGE, transferred to Immobilon-P membrane, and immunoblotted with a cyclin D2–specific mAb. The position of cyclin D2 is indicated by the arrow on the right. (B) B-1 and B-2 cells were stimulated as indicated, after which cellular proteins were immunoblotted for expression of cyclin D3, as described above. The position of cyclin D3 is indicated by an arrow.

 
PMA stimulation also produced an increase in cyclin D3 expression, but this occurred much later (at 14–24 h) and took place in both B-1 and B-2 cells (Fig. 1 B). Much of the delayed increase in cyclin D3 would appear to be too late to control B-1 G1-S transition, inasmuch as entry into S phase occurs at 18 h and peak S phase is found at 24–30 h of PMA stimulation (14, 15). Cyclin D1 expression was not stimulated by PMA in B-1 or B-2 cells (data not shown).

These findings indicate that cyclin D2 induction accurately reflects the divergent mitogenic responses of B-1 and B-2 cells, and strongly suggest that early cyclin D2 expression is a key feature of the B-1 cell S phase response to phorbol ester stimulation.

To determine whether the early induction of cyclin D2 depends on new protein synthesis and/or new gene expression, B-1 cells were treated with PMA in the presence or absence of cycloheximide and actinomycin D for 4 h. As shown in Fig. 2 A, both cycloheximide and actinomycin D completely blocked cyclin D2 expression induced by PMA. These results suggest that cyclin D2 expression in PMA-treated B-1 cells is regulated at the level of transcription. This conclusion is supported by Northern blot analysis showing marked induction of cyclin D2 mRNA expression after B-1 cell stimulation with PMA for 1 (data not shown) and for 2 h (Fig. 2 B).


Figure 2
View larger version (33K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
  		Figure 2 Induction of cyclin D2 expression in B-1 cells is regulated by transcription and translation. (A) Primary B-1 lymphocytes were cultured for 4 h in medium alone (Med) or in medium containing PMA at 300 ng/ml in the presence or absence of actinomycin D (ActD) at 500 ng/ml or cycloheximide (CHX) at 10 µg/ml. B cells were then collected and lysed in a 0.1% Triton X-100–containing solubilization buffer. Cellular proteins (10 µg) were resolved by 10% SDS-PAGE, transferred to Immobilon-P membrane, and immunoblotted with a cyclin D2–specific mAb as described in Materials and Methods. (B) Primary B-1 lymphocytes were cultured for 2 h in medium alone (Med) or in medium containing PMA at 300 ng/ml, after which total RNA was extracted, resolved by denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis, and Northern blotted for expression of cyclin D2 and GAPDH as described in Materials and Methods. The positions of cyclin D2 and GAPDH mRNA are indicated by arrows.

 
To evaluate whether the early transcriptional induction of cyclin D2 is accompanied by the formation of cyclin D2–Cdk4 or cyclin D2–Cdk6 holoenzyme complexes, B-1 and B-2 cells were treated with PMA or anti-Ig for various periods of time, after which extracted protein was immunoprecipitated with rabbit anti–mouse Cdk4 or rabbit anti– mouse Cdk6, resolved by SDS-PAGE, and immunoblotted for cyclin D2. As shown in Fig. 3, the assembly of cyclin D2–Cdk4 complexes essentially paralleled the inducible expression of cyclin D2 (see Fig. 1): cyclin D2–Cdk4 complexes were readily detected in PMA-stimulated B-1 cells within 4 h; however, cyclin D2–Cdk4 complexes were not detected after anti-Ig stimulation of B-1 cells. Conversely, cyclin D2–Cdk4 complexes were readily observed in anti-Ig–stimulated B-2 cells, but were not found after B-2 stimulation with PMA. The formation of cyclin D2–Cdk6 complexes was similarly addressed: assembly of these complexes recapitulated that of cyclin D2–Cdk4 complexes although the former were much less abundant than the latter. Indeed, total Cdk4 levels exceeded Cdk6 levels in both B-1 and B-2 cells (data not shown). Notably, the observed associations between cyclin D2 and Cdk4, and between cyclin D2 and Cdk6, are specific inasmuch as no immunoreactive protein corresponding to the expected cyclin D2 molecular weight of 34 kD was detected after immunoprecipitation with (control) nonimmune serum alone (data not shown). These results indicate that cyclin D2 expression in B-1 cells is accompanied by the formation of Cdk-containing complexes.


Figure 3
View larger version (33K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
  		Figure 3 Cyclin D2–Cdk4 complexes are formed in response to PMA stimulation in B-1 cells. B-1 and B-2 lymphocytes were cultured in medium alone (M) or in medium containing PMA at 300 ng/ml or anti-Ig at 15 µg/ml (Ig), for the indicated times. Nondenaturing NP-40 detergent extracts were prepared and sequentially immunoprecipitated with 1.5 µg of nonimmune serum, 1.5 µg of anti-Cdk4 Ab, and 1.5 µg of anti-Cdk6 Ab. The resulting immune complexes were then resolved by 10% SDS-PAGE, transferred to Immobilon-P membrane, and probed with anti- cyclin D2 mAb as described in Materials and Methods. The position of cyclin D2 (D2) is indicated by the arrows on the right.

 
To evaluate the physiological significance of PMA-stimulated cyclin D2 expression and cyclin D2–Cdk4/Cdk6 assembly in B-1 cells, the capacity of immunoprecipitated cyclin D2 to phosphorylate exogenous Rb in vitro was assessed. As shown in Fig. 4 A, treatment of B-1 cells with PMA produced kinase-active, D2-containing complexes within 4 h, whereas treatment of B-2 cells with PMA failed to produce immunoprecipitable kinase activity. Further, B-1 cell stimulation with PMA resulted in phosphorylation of endogenous Rb within 4 h, as evidenced by the appearance of more slowly migrating species (pRb) detected by immunoblotting with anti-Rb antisera (data not shown). Moreover, endogenous Rb phosphorylation was due, at least in part, to cyclin D–Cdk4 complexes, because the cyclin D–Cdk4 phosphoacceptor Ser780 site was phosphorylated within 4 h and the extent of this phosphorylation increased steadily over time, as measured by an anti-pRb Ser780 Ab (Fig. 4 B). Of note, Rb Ser780 phosphorylation was not detected in B-1 cells treated with anti-Ig alone. Collectively, these results indicate that cyclin D2 is induced early by PMA in B-1 cells, and that induced cyclin D2 is capable of association with Cdks to constitute enzymatically active complexes; these results strongly suggest that cyclin D2– Cdk4 and to a lesser extent cyclin D2–Cdk6 complexes are involved in regulating PMA-mediated cell cycle progression in B-1 lymphocytes.


Figure 4
View larger version (27K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
  		Figure 4 Cyclin D2–containing complexes produced by PMA treatment of B-1 cells are active, Rb-phosphorylating kinases. (A) B-1 and B-2 cells were cultured in medium alone (M) or in medium containing PMA at 300 ng/ ml (P) for 4 h, after which nondenaturing Tween-20 detergent lysates were prepared and immunoprecipitated with anti-cyclin D2 Ab. Immune complexes were recovered and assayed for in vitro kinase activity using a truncated p56Rb protein substrate as described in Materials and Methods. The position of p56Rb is indicated. (B) B-1 cells were cultured in medium alone (Med), medium containing PMA at 300 ng/ml, or medium containing anti-Ig at 15 µg/ml (Ig), for the indicated times, and then solubilized in NP-40 lysis buffer. 20 µg of protein was separated by 10% SDS-PAGE, transferred to Immobilon-P membranes, and then immunoblotted with an anti-pRb Ser780 Ab to detect phosphorylation of endogenous Rb at the cyclin D–Cdk4 phosphoacceptor Ser780 site (reference 38).

 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
We examined D-type cyclin expression in B-1 cells to elucidate the mechanism underlying the rapid onset of S phase produced by stimulation with phorbol ester alone. In keeping with previous results, cyclin D2 was found to be the major D-type cyclin induced by proliferative signals in B-1 and B-2 cells. PMA induced cyclin D2 early (at 2–4 h) in B-1 cells but not at measurable levels in B-2 cells, whereas in direct contrast, anti-Ig induced cyclin D2 late (at 24 h) in B-2 cells with little, if any, expression detectable in B-1 cells (data not shown). The phorbol ester–induced expression of cyclin D2 in B-1 cells is controlled at the level of transcription inasmuch as the PMA-stimulated increase in cyclin D2 protein (a) was blocked by actinomycin D, and (b) was accompanied by a rapid increase in cyclin D2 mRNA. Cyclin D3 was also induced after PMA stimulation, but this occurred much later and in both B-1 and B-2 cells. Thus, cyclin D2 expression appears to be an accurate, consistent, and early reflection of the competency of particular stimuli to induce cell cycle progression to S phase in discrete primary B cell populations. Moreover, the ease and rapidity with which a key cell cycle control protein is induced in B-1 cells may be causally related to the self- renewing characteristics of this B cell subset as well as its propensity for clonal and malignant transformation (1–6).

The unexpected induction of cyclin D2 by PMA alone, uniquely in B-1 cells, provides a molecular basis for the observation that PMA-stimulated B-1 cells progress to S phase entry, and this is supported by the demonstration that PMA-stimulated cyclin D2 associates with Cdk4 and results in the early appearance of Rb-phosphorylating activity. The induction of kinase-active cyclin D2–containing complexes in PMA-responsive B-1 cells provides an important demonstration that only mitogenic signals induce holoenzyme formation, in this case exemplified by B cell subsets that respond differently to the same stimuli. This greatly strengthens the role of cyclin D2–Cdk4 complex formation in B cell cycle progression, previously documented by treating B-2 cells with various stimuli that produce mitogenesis, such as anti-Ig, LPS, and PMA plus ionomycin (36, 43–45).

It has been reported elsewhere that cyclin D2 is expressed early after murine splenic B cell (B-2 cell) stimulation (46). We do not find this to be so; instead, we find that the timing of cyclin D2 expression anticipates the timing of the S phase peak by ~24 h in both B-1 and B-2 cells (14, 15). The origin of the disparity in these sets of results remains uncertain, although it should be noted that in the study by Howard and colleagues, large, rather than small, B-2 cells were examined, which may reflect prior activation (46). However, the results we obtained are not simply a function of large size, inasmuch as there was little induction of cyclin D2 in B-1 cells stimulated by anti-Ig in our study (data not shown).

Our earlier observation that B-1 cells progress in cell cycle to S phase in response to phorbol ester treatment, whereas B-2 cells require treatment with a calcium ionophore in addition to phorbol ester, gave rise to the idea that B-1 cells endogenously express some signaling component or growth-promoting molecule that requires calcium ionophore for expression in B-2 cells. This notion is supported by our finding that B-2 cells stimulated with anti-Ig for 2 d become responsive to phorbol ester alone (47), further suggesting that a discrete alteration, inducible by sIg signaling in mature B-2 cells, is responsible for phorbol ester responsiveness. The present results suggest that this alteration, perhaps in the form of an sIg-triggered signaling component or growth-promoting molecule that is constitutively expressed in B-1 cells, relaxes (or fulfills one of) the requirements for cyclin D2 expression. Our recent finding that B-1 cells constitutively express nuclear, activated STAT3 that is triggered by PMA plus calcium ionophore (as well as by anti-Ig) in B-2 cells (10) suggests that one or more STAT proteins may play a role in regulating cyclin D2 expression.


   Acknowledgments
 
This work was supported by grant MCB-9603784 awarded by the National Science Foundation (T.C. Chiles), and U.S. Public Health Service grant AI29690 awarded by the National Institutes of Health (T.L. Rothstein).

Submitted: 4 August 1998
Revised: 6 January 1999

D.A. Tanguay's present address is Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 80 East Concord St., Boston, MA 02118.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

1 Kantor AB & Herzenberg LA. Origin of murine B cell lineages, Annu Rev Immunol, 1993, 11, 501–538.[Medline]

2 Morris, D.L., and T.L. Rothstein. 1994. CD5+ B (B-1) cells and immunity. In Handbook of B and T Lymphocytes. E.C. Snow, editor. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego. 421–445.

3 Hardy RR, Carmack CE, Li YS & Hayakawa K. Distinctive developmental origins and specificities of murine CD5+ B cells, Immunol Rev, 1994, 137, 91–118.[Medline]

4 Caligaris-Cappio F, Gobbi M, Bofill M & Janossy G. Infrequent normal B lymphocytes express features of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia, J Exp Med, 1982, 155, 623–632.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

5 Stall AM, Farinas MC, Tarlington DM, Lalor PA, Herzenberg LA, Strober S & Herzenberg LA. Ly-1 B-cell clones similar to human chronic lymphocytic leukemias routinely develop in older normal mice and young autoimmune (New Zealand Black-related) animals, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1988, 85, 7312–7316.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

6 Cong YZ, Rabin E & Wortis HH. Treatment of murine CD5–B cells with anti-Ig, but not LPS, induces surface CD5: two B-cell activation pathways, Int Immunol, 1991, 3, 467–476.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

7 Arnold LW, Pennell CA, McCray SK & Clarke SH. Development of B-1 cells: segregation of phosphatidyl choline–specific B cells to the B-1 population occurs after immunoglobulin gene expression, J Exp Med, 1994, 179, 1585–1595.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

8 Murphy TP, Kolber DL & Rothstein TL. Elevated expression of Pgp-1 (Ly-24) by murine peritoneal B lymphocytes, Eur J Immunol, 1990, 20, 1137–1142.[Medline]

9 Hitoshi Y, Yamaguchi N, Mita S, Sonoda E, Takaki S, Tominaga A & Takatsu K. Distribution of IL-5 receptor-positive B cells. Expression of IL-5 receptor on Ly-1(CD5)+ B cells, J Immunol, 1990, 144, 4218–4225.[Abstract]

10 Karras JG, Wang Z, Huo L, Howard RG, Frank DA & Rothstein TL. STAT3 is constitutively activated in normal, self-renewing B-1 cells but only inducibly expressed in conventional B lymphocytes, J Exp Med, 1997, 185, 1035–1042.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

11 Cohen DP & Rothstein TL. Elevated levels of protein kinase C activity and {alpha}-isoenzyme expression in murine peritoneal B cells, J Immunol, 1991, 146, 2921–2927.[Abstract]

12 Morris DL & Rothstein TL. Abnormal transcription factor induction through the surface immunoglobulin M receptor of B-1 lymphocytes, J Exp Med, 1993, 177, 857–861.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

13 Wang Z, Morris DL & Rothstein TL. Constitutive and inducible levels of egr-1 and c-mycearly growth response gene expression in B-1 lymphocytes, Cell Immunol, 1995, 162, 309–314.[Medline]

14 Rothstein TL & Kolber DL. Peritoneal B cells respond to phorbol esters in the absence of co-mitogen, J Immunol, 1988, 140, 2880–2885.[Abstract]

15 Rothstein TL & Kolber DL. Anti-Ig antibody inhibits the phorbol ester-induced stimulation of peritoneal B cells, J Immunol, 1988, 141, 4089–4093.[Abstract]

16 Morris DL & Rothstein TL. Decreased surface IgM receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase C{gamma}2 in B-1 lymphocytes, Int Immunol, 1994, 6, 1011–1016.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

17 Kolber DL, Shultz L & Rothstein TL. Phorbol ester responsiveness of murine Ly-1-lineage B cells from normal and viable motheaten mutant mice, Eur J Immunol, 1991, 21, 721–729.[Medline]

18 Sherr CJ & Roberts JM. Inhibitors of mammalian G1 cyclin-dependent kinases, Genes Dev, 1995, 9, 1149–1163.[Free Full Text]

19 Lew DJ, Dulic V & Reed SI. Isolation of three novel human cyclins by rescue of G1 cyclin (Cln) function in yeast, Cell, 1991, 66, 1197–1206.[Medline]

20 Matsushime H, Roussel MF, Ashmun RA & Sherr CJ. Colony-stimulating factor 1 regulates novel cyclins during the G1 phase of the cell cycle, Cell, 1991, 65, 701–713.[Medline]

21 Withers DA, Harvey RC, Faust JB, Melnyh O, Carey K & Meeker TC. Characterization of a candidate bcl-1gene, Mol Cell Biol, 1991, 11, 4846–4853.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

22 Xiong Y, Connolly T, Furcher B & Beach D. Human D-type cyclin, Cell, 1991, 65, 691–699.[Medline]

23 Ando K, Ajchenbaum-Cymbalista F & Griffin JD. Regulation of the G1/S transition by cyclins D2 and D3 in hematopoietic cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1993, 90, 9571–9575.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

24 Baldin V, Lukas J, Marcote MF, Pagano M & Draetta G. Cyclin D1 is a nuclear protein required for cell cycle progression in G1, Genes Dev, 1993, 7, 812–821.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

25 Quelle DE, Ashmun RA, Shurtleff SA, Kato J-Y, Bar-Sagh D, Roussel MF & Sherr CJ. Overexpression of mouse D-type cyclins accelerates G1 phase in rodent fibroblasts, Genes Dev, 1993, 7, 1559–1571.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

26 Resnitzky D, Gossen M, Bujard H & Reed SI. Acceleration of the G1/S phase transition by expression of cyclins D1 and E with an inducible system, Mol Cell Biol, 1994, 14, 1669–1679.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

27 Matsushime H, Ewen ME, Strom DK, Kato J-Y, Hanks SK, Roussel MF & Sherr CJ. Identification and properties of an atypical catalytic subunit (p34PSK-J3/ Cdk4) for mammalian D-type G1 cyclins, Cell, 1992, 71, 323–334.[Medline]

28 Matsushime H, Quelle DE, Shurtleff SA, Shibuya M, Sherr CJ & Kato J-Y. D-type cyclin dependent kinase activity in mammalian cells, Mol Cell Biol, 1994, 14, 2066–2076.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

29 Meyerson M & Harlow E. Identification of G1 kinase activity for Cdk6, a novel cyclin D partner, Mol Cell Biol, 1994, 14, 2077–2086.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

30 Bates S, Bonetta L, MacAllan D, Parry D, Holder A, Dickson C & Peters G. Cdk6 (PLSTIRE) and Cdk4 (PSK-J3) are a distinct subset of the cyclin-dependent kinases that associate with cyclin D1, Oncogene, 1994, 9, 71–79.[Medline]

31 Resnitzky D & Reed SI. Different roles for cyclins D1 and E in regulating the G1-to-S transition, Mol Cell Biol, 1995, 15, 3463–3469.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

32 Ewen ME, Sluss HK, Sherr CJ, Matsushime H, Kato J-Y & Livingston DM. Functional interactions of the retinoblastoma protein with mammalian D-type cyclins, Cell, 1993, 73, 487–497.[Medline]

33 Hatakeyama M, Brill JA, Fink GR & Weinberg RA. Collaboration of G1cyclins in the functional inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein, Genes Dev, 1994, 8, 1759–1771.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

34 Lundberg AS & Weinberg RA. Functional inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein requires sequential modification by at least two distinct cyclin-Cdk complexes, Mol Cell Biol, 1998, 18, 753–761.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

35 Morris DL & Rothstein TL. Abnormal transcription factor induction through the surface immunoglobulin M receptor of B-1 lymphocytes, J Exp Med, 1993, 177, 857–861.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

36 Tanguay DA & Chiles TC. Regulation of the catalytic subunit (p34PSK-J3/Cdk4) for the major D-type cyclin in mature B cells, J Immunol, 1996, 156, 539–548.[Abstract]

37 Meyyappan M, Wong H, Hull C & Riabowol KT. Increased expression of cyclin D2 during multiple states of growth arrest in primary and established cells, Mol Cell Biol, 1998, 18, 3163–3172.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

38 Wong H, Anderson WD, Cheng T & Riabowol KT. Monitoring mRNA expression by polymerase chain reaction: the "primer dropping" method, Anal Biochem, 1994, 223, 251–258.[Medline]

39 Lukas J, Bartkova J, Welcker M, Petersen OW, Peters G, Strauss M & Bartek J. Cyclin D2 is a moderately oscillating nucleoprotein required for G1 phase progression in specific cell types, Oncogene, 1995, 10, 2125–2134.[Medline]

40 Bartkova J, Zemanova M & Bartek J. Abundance and subcellular localization of cyclin D3 in human tumors, Int J Cancer, 1996, 65, 323–327.[Medline]

41 Kitagawa M, Higashi H, Jung HK, Suzuki-Takahasi I, Ikeda M, Tamai K, Kato J, Segawa K, Yoshida E, Nishimura S & Taya Y. The consensus motif for phosphorylation by cyclin D1-Cdk4 is different from that for phosphorylation by cyclin A/E-cdk2, EMBO (Eur Mol Biol Organ) J, 1996, 15, 7060–7069.[Medline]

42 Ajchenbaum F, Ando K, DeCaprio JA & Griffin JD. Independent regulation of human D-type cyclin gene expression during G1 phase in primary human T lymphocytes, J Biol Chem, 1993, 268, 4113–4119.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

43 Carman JA, Wechsler-Reya RJ & Monroe JG. Immature stage B cells enter but do not progress beyond the early G1 phase of the cell cycle in response to antigen receptor signaling, J Immunol, 1996, 156, 4562–4569.[Abstract]

44 Reid S & Snow EC. The regulated expression of cell cycle-related proteins as B-lymphocytes enter and progress through the G1 cell cycle stage following delivery of complete versus partial activation stimuli, Mol Immunol, 1996, 33, 1139–1151.[Medline]

45 Brorson K, Brunswick M, Ezhevsky S, Wei DG, Berg R, Scott D & Stein KE. xid affects events leading to B cell cycle entry, J Immunol, 1997, 159, 135–143.[Abstract]

46 Solvason N, Wu WW, Kabra N, Wu X, Lees E & Howard MC. Induction of cell cycle regulatory proteins in anti-immunoglobulin–stimulated mature B lymphocytes, J Exp Med, 1996, 184, 407–417.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

47 Rothstein TL, Kolber DL, Murphy TP & Cohen DP. Induction of phorbol ester responsiveness in conventional B cells after activation via surface Ig, J Immunol, 1991, 147, 3728–3735.[Abstract]


Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Facebook Facebook   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF, 106K)
Right arrow PPT slides of all figures
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new content in the JEM
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via CrossRef
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Tanguay, D. A.
Right arrow Articles by Rothstein, T. L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Tanguay, D. A.
Right arrow Articles by Rothstein, T. L.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Facebook   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

  Home | Help | Feedback | Subscriptions | Archive | Search
TABLE OF CONTENTS