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Articles |
/β from CD3 Signaling
Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and The Arthritis and Immune Disorder Research Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9; the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101; the || McGill Cancer Centre and the Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine, and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6; and the ¶ Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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Abstract |
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-specific monoclonal antibody. Survival of this IL-2–dependent clone in the absence of IL-2 was supported by overexpression of exogenous Bcl-xL. Culture of this clonal variant in the absence of IL-2 rendered it susceptible to anti-TCR–induced signaling, and correlated with the presence of kinase-active Lck associated with the plasma membrane. The same phenotype is observed in primary, resting CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, the presence of kinase active Lck associated with the plasma membrane correlates with the presence of ZAP 70–pp21
complexes in both primary T cells and T cell clones in circumstances of responsive anti-TCR signaling. The results presented demonstrate that IL-2 signal transduction results in the functional uncoupling of the TCR complex through altering the subcellular distribution of kinase-active Lck.
Key Words: Lck • kinase • interleukin 2 • regulation
Abbreviations used: HMF, heavy membrane fraction; HRP, horseradish peroxidase.
T cell activation and subsequent growth is dependent upon the coordinated expression and function of the
The JAK/STAT pathway is central in the transduction of IL-2R signaling (18–23). However, a role for src family tyrosine kinases has also been demonstrated. Specifically, stimulation of human T cell clones with exogenous IL-2 results in the activation of p56lck, which is independent of its association with either CD4 or CD8 (24, 25). Lck has also been shown to associate with the β chain of the IL-2 receptor (25), which is critical for IL-2–mediated Lck activation (26).
We have developed a T cell clonal system that provides further insight into the mechanisms underlying the coordinated function of the TCR and the IL-2R. The antigen receptor signaling phenotypes of CD4+ and CD4– variants of an IL-2–dependent, ovalbumin-specific T cell clone have been described previously (27). Specifically, although both variants respond to antigen and mAbs specific for CD3
The role of Lck in T cell antigen receptor signaling is well established. Biochemical (28–38), and genetic (39–46) analyses demonstrate that its presence and activity are required for the most proximal signaling events initiating through the TCR. Thus, it is plausible that the sequestration of Lck by CD4 in the above described clonal system disables the transmission of the most proximal signals emanating from the TCR.
However, the above observations in the CD4+ T cell clones do not correspond well with TCR–CD3 signaling phenotypes observed in primary CD4+ T cells. Specifically, the latter do respond to mAb specific to TCRCβ, albeit less robustly than they respond to mAb specific for CD3
This study was undertaken to characterize the molecular basis of IL-2–mediated perturbation of TCR signaling. We demonstrate that exogenous IL-2 disables anti-TCR–, but not anti-CD3–induced T cell growth, and that the permissive anti-TCR signaling phenotype correlates with the presence of kinase-active Lck associated with the plasma membrane. Primary CD4+ T cells, which are also responsive to anti-TCR–induced growth, are also shown to have kinase-active Lck at the plasma membrane. Furthermore, permissive anti-TCR signaling is shown to correlate with the presence of ZAP-70–pp21
Antibodies.
Cell Preparation and Culture.
For overexpression of Bcl-xL in clone 2.5, 107 cells in 0.5 ml IMDM received either 15 µg of pSFFV-Neo empty vector or pSFFV–bcl-xL (55, 56). A 0.8-kb EcoRI fragment of Bcl-xL cDNA containing one asymmetric HindIII site was cloned into the EcoRI site of pSFFV-Neo. The plasmid was not deliberately linearized before electroporation. Cells were incubated with plasmid for 10 min at room temperature and were transferred to 0.4-cm electroporation cuvettes (Bio-Rad) and electroporated (Bio-Rad Gene Pulser) at 260 V, 960 µF. Cells were then incubated for an additional 10 min, harvested into IMDM containing 2.5% heat-inactivated FCS, and washed once. Cells were resuspended and cultured for 48 h in IMDM supplemented with 1% rIL-2. G418 (0.5 mg/ml) was added at 48 h, and a drug-resistant population was selected over 2 wk and subsequently cloned by micromanipulation. Clones were then assessed for the expression of Bcl-xL by immunoblotting. Clone 2.5.2 was selected for all subsequent studies.
To "rest" clone 2.5.2, cells were expanded in IMDM containing 0.3% rIL-2 to high density. Cells were harvested, washed twice, and seeded at 2 x 106 cells/well in multiple 24-well culture plates (Costar Corp., Cambridge, MA) along with 2 x 106 freshly prepared, irradiated, syngeneic C57BL/6 spleen cells. Cultures were incubated in IMDM with no rIL-2 at 37°C in 5% CO2 for 24 h. Cells were harvested and dead cells and fillers were removed by centrifugation over Lympholyte-M. Cell cycle status of these "rested" populations were assessed for each experiment as described below.
Primary CD4+ lymph node T cells were prepared as previously described (48). In brief, axillary nodes, brachial nodes, inguinal nodes, and superficial cervical nodes were isolated from 6–8-wk-old C57BL/6 mice. Cell suspensions were washed, counted, incubated on ice with rat anti-CD8, and passed over mouse "T cell columns" (BioTex Labs., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) pretreated with goat anti–rat IgG to remove CD8+ T cells and goat anti–mouse IgG to remove B cells. Effluent cells from these columns were typically >98% CD4+.
Cell cycle status of lymphocyte populations was assessed using propidium iodide. In brief, 2 x 105 cells were pelleted, aspirated dry, and resuspended by dropwise addition of ice-cold Vindelov's low salt solution containing 3.4 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 75 µM propidium iodide, 0.1% vol/vol NP-40, 10 mM NaCl, and 700 U/liter ribonuclease (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, IN) (59). Suspensions were incubated on ice for 10 min and revortexed before analysis on a FACScan® (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA). Data were acquired at a flow rate of 20 events/s using the FL2 channel and doublet discrimination. Analysis was carried out using Lysis II software (Becton Dickinson) on FL2 (A).
Cell Fractionation.
Biotinylation of cell surface proteins was achieved as follows. Cells were harvested and washed in ice-cold calcium- and magnesium-free PBS and resuspended to 107 cells/ml in borate buffer containing 10 mM anhydrous sodium borate and 150 mM NaCl, pH 8.8. Long chain biotin stock (Pierce Chemical Co., Rockville, IN) was dissolved in DMSO to a concentration of 10 mg/ml, and the appropriate volume was added to the cell suspension to achieve a final concentration of 50 µg/ml. Cells were incubated with biotin for 10 min at room temperature with frequent, gentle vortexing. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 10 µl/ml of 1 M NH4Cl. Cells were washed three times in room temperature PBS containing 10 mM Tris and 1mM EDTA and was examined microscopically for viability, which was typically >95%. An aliquot of cells was stained with PE-conjugated streptavidin (Southern Biotechnology Associates, Huntington, AL) to determine efficiency of cell biotinylation.
Immunoprecipitation and Immunoblotting.
Immunoblotting for Bcl-xL from whole cell lysates was achieved by adding 12.5 µl of lysate (0.5 x 106 cell equivalents) to 12.5 µl of 2x Laemmli sample buffer plus 2.5 µl β-2-ME; samples were boiled for 5 min, and proteins were resolved by 12.5% SDS-PAGE for 900 V h and processed as described below. Antibodies used for quantitative immunoprecipitation were affinity purified and covalently coupled to activated cyanogen bromide Sepharose 4B (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ). Quantitative immunoprecipitations from total cell lysates or membrane/cytosol preparations from CD4+ cells was accomplished by four consecutive immunoprecipitations from lysate containing 6 x 106 cell equivalents with Sepharose-coupled anti-CD4, followed by four consecutive precipitations with Sepharose-coupled anti-Lck. Precipitates were subsequently washed four times in ice-cold TNE wash buffer, as described above but without protease inhibitors, and resuspended in 10 µl of wash buffer, to which 10 µl of 2x Laemmli sample buffer and 2 µl of β-2-ME was added. Samples were boiled for 5 min, and electrophoresed on 8% SDS-PAGE for 850 V h. Material was transferred to nitrocellulose (Schleicher & Schuell, Keene, NH) at 55 V for 2 h. Nitrocellulose was blocked for 2 h in 5% (for Lck and Bcl-xL) or 0.5% (for CD4) lowfat milk dissolved in wash buffer containing 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris, 2.5 mM EDTA, and 0.1% Tween 20, pH 7.5. The latter buffer was also used as diluent for developing antibodies and/or reagents.
CD4 immunoblots were developed by addition of HRP-conjugated streptavidin (see above) in wash buffer (as above) containing 0.5% milk, and revealed with Renaissance ECL Reagents (NEN, Boston, MA). CD4 blots were stripped by washing in buffer containing 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 2.3, and 150 mM NaCl for 15 min at room temperature, and then reblocked in 5% milk. These immunoblots were then reprobed with polyclonal rabbit anti-Lck in wash buffer containing 5% milk, developed with HRP-conjugated Protein A in 5% milk, and revealed with DuPont ECL reagents.
Immunoblots probed with antiphosphotyrosine, anti-
Samples were processed for Lck kinase assays as follows. Immunoprecipitations from membrane/cytosol preparations were done in Triton X-100, which was used throughout the kinase assay. Otherwise, the detergent was NP-40. Immunoprecipitates were washed once in ice-cold TNE wash buffer containing 100 µM sodium orthovanadate, once in the same buffer without sodium orthovanadate but containing 1M NaCl, once in ice-cold TNE wash buffer without sodium orthovanadate or NaCl, and finally in ice-cold 1x Lck kinase buffer containing 20 mM 3-(N-morpholino) propane sulfonic acid (MOPS), pH 7.0, 5 mM MgCl2, and 3 mM MnCl2 supplemented with 0.1% NP-40. Tubes were placed on ice and each received 10 µl of 2x Lck kinase buffer supplemented with 20 µg/ml each of aprotinin and leupeptin, 100 µg/ml Pefabloc, 50 µg/ml TLCK, and 0.1% NP-40. The reaction mixture was supplemented with 1 µg of freshly acid-denatured enolase (Boehringer Mannheim), cold ATP (Boehringer Mannheim) to yield a final concentration of 50 µM, and 2.5 µl (25 µCi/reaction final)
CD4 aggregation followed by assessment of phosphotyrosyl content and kinase activity of CD4-associated Lck was achieved as follows. Clone 2.5.2 propagated in 1.0% rIL-2 was harvested, washed, and resuspended to 107/ml in RPMI (GIBCO BRL, Gaithersburg, MD) containing 50 µg/ml of the CD4-specific rat mAb, H129. After a 30-min incubation on ice, cells were pelleted, resuspended to 2 x 107/ml and prewarmed for 3 min at 37°C. Polyclonal rabbit anti–rat was added to some tubes to a final concentration of 50 µg/ml, and cells were mixed, pelleted, and immediately (within 5–10 s) lysed. CD4 immunoprecipitates were collected using Protein G–Sepharose. Proteins in these immunoprecipitates were resolved by SDS-PAGE transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and immunoblotted with the phosphotyrosine-specific mAb 4G10 as described above. These membranes were then stripped as described above and re-probed with anti-Lck. Alternatively, CD4 immunoprecipitates were subjected to immune complex kinase assays in the presence of enolase as an exogenous substrate after the procedure described above. 
/β-TCR and the IL-2 receptor (1–6). Expression of the high affinity receptor for IL-2, as well as the de novo transcription and translation of IL-2, is induced upon T cell antigen recognition (7–10). The control of T cell growth in these circumstances is regulated through the autocrine production and use of IL-2, which are interrelated processes in that the loss of high levels of membrane IL-2R chain expression and the production of IL-2 are coordinated (11–15). IL-2 has also been shown to predispose T cells to apoptosis upon subsequent interaction with antigen (16). Furthermore, the exposure of T cell clones to exogenous IL-2 can result in their inability to respond to antigen (17). Thus, IL-2 is essential in supporting T cell clonal expansion, and is also involved in a feedback regulatory mechanism limiting cellular expansion and/or function. , only the CD4– variant responds to mAbs specific for TCRCβ or Vβ. Expression of exogenous wild-type CD4, but not mutated CD4 unable to bind Lck, in CD4– variants restored their TCR–CD3 signaling phenotype to that of cells expressing endogenous CD4. Thus, the refractoriness of clones expressing wild-type CD4 to TCR-specific mAbs correlates with the sequestration of cellular Lck by CD4 (27). (47–49). An obvious difference within this comparison is the state of activation of the cells involved. Primary CD4+ lymph node T cells are in the majority resting, with >95% in the G0 phase of the cell cycle. In contrast, the CD4+ T cell clones are maintained in exogenous IL-2 before assay, and are in the majority, cycling. Although a significant proportion of these cycling cells contain a diploid content of DNA, these cells cannot be equated with noncycling cells in G0. Since IL-2 has been shown to affect the physiology of Lck (24, 25), coupled with the obligate role of Lck in TCR signaling, the observed TCR signaling phenotype in CD4+ IL-2–dependent clones may reflect an IL-2–mediated physical and/or functional redistribution of cellular Lck. complexes in both primary T cells and clones deprived of IL-2.
Materials and Methods
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Abstract
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
Mice.
C57BL/6 male mice, 6–8 wk old, were purchased from Charles River Canada, Inc. (Laval, Quebec, Canada) or The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME), and maintained in a pathogen-free animal facility at the Ontario Cancer Institute (Toronto, Ontario, Canada).
Hamster mAbs H57.597 (anti-TCRCβ) and 145.2C11 (anti-CD3), and rat mAbs KT410.1 (anti-Vβ4) and H.129 (anti-CD4) were purified as previously described (27). Both rabbit polyclonal anti-Lck (50) and rabbit polyclonal anti– ZAP-70 (51) were prepared by Dr. A. Veillette. The phosphotyrosine-specific mouse mAb 4G10 (52) was supplied by Dr. B. Druker (Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR), and the chain–specific mouse mAb G3 (53) was supplied by Dr. H.-S. Teh (UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada). Purified polyclonal rabbit anti–Bcl-x (54) was prepared by Dr. L. Boise. 4G10 immunoblots were developed with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)1-conjugated polyclonal goat anti–mouse IgG (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO), in 1% gelatin (Bio- Rad, Hercules, CA). Immunoblots probed with rabbit anti-lck, rabbit anti–Zap-70, or rabbit anti–Bcl-x were developed with HRP-conjugated Protein A (ICN Biomedicals, Inc., Irvine, CA) in 5% nonfat dry milk. Biotinylated CD4 was revealed with HRP-conjugated streptavidin (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ) in 0.5% nonfat dry milk. Polyclonal rabbit anti–rat Ig was purchased from Bio/Can Scientific (Mississauga, Ontario, Canada).
Clones were maintained at 0.5– 1.0 x 106 cells/ml in serum-free IMDM supplemented with 10 U/ml (1%) rIL-2 as previously described (27). Experiments involving rescue of responsive anti-TCR signaling in the presence of low concentrations of IL-2 required that CD4+ clones be antigen pulsed, which increased their sensitivity to IL-2. Specifically, clone 2.5 was cocultured with irradiated C57BL/6 spleen cells and 1–10 µg/ml of the ovalbumin-derived peptide143–157 for 48 h in the absence of rIL-2. Cultures were harvested and irradiated filler cells were removed by centrifugation through Lympholyte-M (Cedarlane Labs. Ltd., Hornby, Ontario, Canada). Viable T cell blasts were washed and seeded 
0.5 x 106 cells/ml in serum-free IMDM supplemented with 10, 3, or 1 U/ml rIL-2. Clones were incubated at 37°C in 5% CO2 for 4 d, after which cells were harvested and proliferation assays were set up as previously described (27).
Preparation of membranes and cytosol used procedures previously described in detail (57). In brief, cells were pelleted and resuspended in ice-cold calcium- and magnesium-free PBS in chilled borosilicate tubes (Fisher Scientific Co., Pittsburgh, PA). After two more washes in ice-cold PBS, the cells were resuspended to a final volume not exceeding 0.5 ml at 2 x 107 cells/ml in ice-cold hypotonic extraction buffer containing 25 mM Hepes, pH 7.0, 1 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EGTA, and 100 µg/ml each of leupeptin and aprotinin. Cells were incubated on ice for 40 min, then subjected to 20 "shears" per tube (avoiding foaming) using a 30-gauge needle on a 1-ml syringe barrel. Sheared material was examined microscopically to verify that no intact cells remained and nuclear material was removed by centrifugation. The volume of the final supernatant was measured, transferred to Eppendorf tubes, and centrifuged at 12,000 g for 10 min. The pellet from this spin contains the heavy membrane fraction (HMF) and the supernatant contains the cytosol. The cytosol fraction was centrifuged at 100,000 g for 1 h at 4°C, the supernatant of which was resolubilized in 0.1% Triton X-100 for 45 min with gentle agitation before immunoprecipitation. The HMF was washed once in 200 µl of ice-cold extraction buffer containing 0.1% delipidated BSA (Boehringer Mannheim), and resuspended to 4 x 107 cell equivalents/ml in ice-cold extraction buffer containing 0.1% Triton X-100. This suspension was solubilized with gentle agitation and then centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 s to remove detergent-insoluble material. The supernatant of this spin contains the detergent-soluble HMF.
Precipitation of Lck, CD4, and Bcl-xL for immunoblotting was achieved by lysing either T cell clones or primary CD4+ lymph node T cells at 4 x 107 cells/ml in hypotonic TNE lysis buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 20 mM EDTA, 100 µM oxidized sodium orthovanadate, 50 mM sodium fluoride, 20 µg/ml each of leupeptin and aprotinin [Boehringer Mannheim], 100 µg/ml Pefabloc [Boehringer Mannheim], 50 µg/ml L-1-chloro-3-(4-tosylamido)-7-amino-2-heptanone hydrochloride [TLCK; Boehringer Mannheim], and 1% NP-40). Cells were lysed in prechilled Eppendorf tubes on ice for 40 min and centrifuged at 4°C at 12,000 g for 10 min. The supernatant was transferred to fresh Eppendorf tubes and maintained on ice until ready for use. , or anti–ZAP-70 were performed essentially the same way as above. ZAP-70 was precipitated, nonquantitatively, from lysate containing 5 x 106 cell equivalents. Cells were lysed in pH 7.4 isotonic lysis buffer containing 140 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris, 0.4 mM sodium orthovanadate, 10 mM sodium fluoride, 10 mM anhydrous sodium pyrophosphate, and 1% Triton X-100. This buffer was supplemented with protease inhibitors as for TNE buffer (see above). The corresponding wash buffer contained 0.1% Triton X-100 and no protease inhibitors. Samples were electrophoresed on 12.5% SDS-PAGE gels, transferred to nitrocellulose, and blocked in 5% milk (for anti–ZAP-70) or 3% gelatin (for anti-phosphotyrosine) at 30°C. Immunoblots were developed with HRP-conjugated Protein A in 5% milk (for anti–ZAP-70) or polyclonal goat anti-mouse IgG in 1% gelatin (for antiphosphotyrosine), and subsequently revealed with DuPont ECL reagents. 
-[32P]ATP. The reaction was allowed to proceed at room temperature for 30 min and was terminated by the addition of 25 µl of 2x Laemmli sample buffer containing 20% β-2-ME. Samples were boiled for 5 min and electrophoresed on 8% SDS-PAGE for 800 V h. Gels were de-stained with multiple changes of a solution containing 50% ddH2O, 40% methanol, and 10% glacial acetic acid over a 24-h period, and then dried and exposed.
Results
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Abstract
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
IL-2–mediated Inhibition of Anti-TCR–induced Growth in CD4+ and CD4– Clonal Variants.
Both the CD4+ (2.5) and CD4– (2.10) variants of the ovalbumin-specific T cell clone were propagated in varying concentrations of rIL-2 for 1 wk. Viable cells were harvested and their capacity to respond to anti-Vβ4 and antigen was assessed. As illustrated in Fig. 1, there is an inverse correlation between the amount of exogenous IL-2 used to propagate the CD4+ variant and its capacity to subsequently respond to anti-Vβ4. This IL-2–dependent refractoriness to anti-TCR stimulation is also observed using an mAb specific for TCRCβ (data not shown). The inability to respond to anti-TCRVβ or anti-TCRCβ is not due to the compromised expression of the antigen receptor complex at the plasma membrane. Direct assessment of the membrane levels of TCR and CD3 by immunofluorescence revealed no differences in cells grown over the range of IL-2 concentrations used in this study (data not shown). The highest concentration of IL-2 used in this experiment (1% = 10 U/ml) results in a 20-fold inhibition of the anti-TCR response of CD4+ variants. However, the antigen responses of cells cultured in 10 vs. 1 U/ml of IL-2 were within a factor of two of one another (Fig. 1). Thus, IL-2 is not predisposing cells to die upon subsequent ligation of the TCR–CD3 complex as previously described (16). Rather, it is profoundly affecting their capacity to respond to TCR-specific mAbs.
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As illustrated in Fig. 2 A, quantitative precipitation of Lck from membrane and cytosolic fractions of clone 2.5 followed by immunoblotting revealed three pools, two of which were membrane associated, and the third of which was cytosolic. Phosphorimaging revealed that 
70% of cellular Lck in clone 2.5 is associated with the membrane fraction, and that within this fraction >85% is associated with CD4. A comparable membrane/cytosol distribution of Lck is observed in clone 2.10 despite the absence of CD4 (Fig. 2 A). Immune complex kinase assays were performed in parallel with Lck protein analyses within each of the isolated pools, from each of the clonal variants. As shown in Fig. 2 B, the cytosolic pools from both clonal variants contained kinase-active Lck, revealing a robust phosphorylation of the exogenous substrate, enolase, coupled with a weak autophosphorylation signal. Neither the CD4-associated nor the non-CD4-associated pools of membrane Lck of clone 2.5 exhibited detectable kinase activity (Fig. 2 B). In marked contrast, membrane-associated Lck derived from clone 2.10 was kinase active (Fig. 2 B).
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Overexpression of Bcl-xL Enables IL-2 Withdrawal and Rescue of Permissive TCR-/β Signaling.
Bcl-xL was cloned into the expression vector pSFFV-neo (55, 56) and electroporated into clone 2.5. G418 resistant cells were propagated and clones were derived from this expanded drug resistant population. The level of Bcl-xL expressed in clone 2.5.2, in comparison to that expressed by clone 2.5, is illustrated in Fig. 3 A. Quantitation of this immunoblotting analysis revealed that the transfected clone 2.5.2 expressed 2.5-fold more Bcl-xL than the endogenous levels expressed by clone 2.5.
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2n DNA content, roughly one-third of the cells derived from IL-2–containing cultures were in the S and G2/M phases of cycle, compared with 2% of the cells that were harvested from cultures containing no IL-2. Of note is that levels of expression of TCRCβ, CD3, and CD4, as assessed by immunofluorescence analysis of clone 2.5.2, were unaffected by exposure to IL-2 (data not shown).
The question followed whether clone 2.5.2 cultured in the absence of exogenous IL-2 was now responsive to anti-TCR mediated growth. As depicted in Fig. 3 C, this was indeed the case. Thus, once "rested" for 24 h in the absence of exogenous IL-2, clone 2.5.2 responded as robustly to anti-TCR as it did to anti-CD3 (Fig. 3 C). In contrast, and as for clone 2.5, clone 2.5.2 was unresponsive to anti-TCR if derived from cultures containing 10 U/ml rIL-2. However, consistent with the phenomenon of IL-2–mediated functional uncoupling of TCR and CD3 signaling, these cells responded robustly to anti-CD3 (Fig. 3 C).
Permissive Anti-TCR Signaling Correlates with the Presence of Membrane-associated, Kinase-active Lck.
The availability of anti-TCR responsive and nonresponsive CD4+ clonal variants enabled a direct comparison of the cellular distribution and activity of Lck in these two circumstances. Towards this end, CD4+ clone 2.5.2 was propagated in 10 U/ml IL-2, or rested in the absence of exogenous IL-2. Viable cells were rescued from each of the two culture conditions, followed by the preparation of membrane and cytosol fractions. To control the cell fractionation technique used, cells derived from the two conditions were biotinylated and CD4 was used as a membrane marker. As illustrated in Fig. 4, immunoprecipitation from "membrane" but not "cytosolic" fractions with anti-CD4 revealed the appropriate signal. Sequential precipitation with anti-CD4, from biotinylated membrane fractions of both resting and IL-2– propagated 2.5.2 was followed by sequential precipitation with anti-Lck. Precipitates were fractionated by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotted and developed with enzyme-linked streptavidin.
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This analysis revealed that the cellular distribution of Lck was not significantly altered in cycling and noncycling populations of clone 2.5.2. Thus, as observed in clone 2.5 (Fig. 2), the majority of cellular Lck was associated with the plasma membrane fraction, and of the two pools comprising this fraction, the majority of Lck was found to be associated with CD4.
In marked contrast to the unaltered cellular distribution of Lck, its enzymatic activity was profoundly affected by exogenous IL-2 (Fig. 5). Immune complex kinase assays were performed on membrane and cytosolic fractions of clone 2.5.2 cultured in the presence and absence of exogenous IL-2 as described above. As illustrated in Fig. 5, the cytosolic fractions of 2.5.2 cultured in either condition contained kinase-active Lck. As shown, the enolase signal is easily detectable, and although the position of autophosphorylated Lck is indicated, this signal is barely detectable. Thus, if kinase-active Lck is required for responsiveness to anti-TCR stimulation, cytosolic Lck is probably not playing a role.
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CD4-Associated Lck in Clone 2.5.2 Propagated in IL-2 can be Acutely Activated.
There is an obligate requirement for Lck in the generation of the most proximal signals emanating from the TCR complex. The observation that clone 2.5.2 propagated in IL-2 cannot respond to TCRVβ-specific mAb raises the question of how the involvement of Lck is manifest in response to antigen. An obvious difference between anti-TCR and antigen-induced T cell activation is the latter's capacity to recruit CD4, and thus the CD4-associated pool of Lck, to the activation complex. However, as shown in Fig. 5, the CD4-associated pool of Lck is kinase inactive in clone 2.5.2 propagated in IL-2. The question is whether the activity of this pool may be altered during the T cell response to antigen. Although it has not been reported that antigen-mediated coaggregation of CD4 and TCR–CD3 results in the activation of CD4-associated Lck, it has been demonstrated that mAb-mediated aggregation of CD4 does (50, 60). Therefore, we determined whether mAb-mediated aggregation of CD4 resulted in an alteration in the phosphotyrosyl content and kinase activity of associated Lck derived from clone 2.5.2 propagated in IL-2.
As illustrated in Fig. 6, this was indeed the case. Specifically, and corresponding with the results shown in Fig. 5, when CD4 is not ligated, the associated pool of Lck is not kinase active (Fig. 6, middle), nor does it contain detectable levels of phosphotyrosine (Fig. 6, top). However, upon mAb-mediated aggregation of CD4, both the phosphotyrosyl content and the kinase activity of the pool of associated Lck is elevated (Fig. 6). Thus, the IL-2–mediated downregulation of the activity of the CD4-associated pool of Lck in clone 2.5.2 propagated in IL-2 is not irreversible. Furthermore, these results are consistent with the capacity of antigen, but not anti-TCR, to recruit and use the CD4-associated pool of Lck.
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Complexes in Primary T Cells and Clones.As illustrated in Fig. 7 A, sequential precipitation from lysate derived from primary CD4+ lymph node T cells with anti-CD4 followed by anti-Lck revealed that the majority of cellular Lck is associated with CD4. The remaining Lck would be partitioned between the membrane and cytosol. Immune complex kinase assays were performed on both total cellular Lck and on CD4-associated Lck to ensure that we were assessing the activity of some membrane-associated Lck. As shown in Fig. 7 B, both anti-Lck and anti-CD4 precipitates mediated robust enolase phosphorylation. An Lck autophosphorylation signal was not observed in anti-CD4 precipitates, and only marginally in anti-Lck precipitates (Fig. 7 B). Anti-TCRCβ precipitates derived from the same lysate were kinase negative (Fig. 7 B). These results support the conclusion that membrane Lck is kinase active in primary, resting CD4+ T cells.
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chain (33, 34, 36, 60), thus enabling the recruitment and subsequent activation of ZAP-70 (32, 33, 35–37). Given that kinase-active Lck is present in resting primary T cells and T cell clones, it was of interest to determine the phosphorylation status of the chain and whether it was associated with ZAP-70. Towards this end, three populations of T cells were analyzed: clone 2.5.2 cultured in the presence of IL-2; clone 2.5.2 cultured in the absence of IL-2; and primary CD4+ lymph node T cells. Anti-ZAP precipitates were isolated from lysates of each of these three populations, resolved on SDS-PAGE, and immunoblotted with phosphotyrosine-specific mAb 4G10 (52) with chain–specific mAb, G3 (53), and anti–ZAP-70 (51). The top panel in Fig. 7 C depicts the pp21 signal that coprecipitated with anti–ZAP-70 in each of the three populations, revealed with phosphotyrosine-specific mAb. The middle panel of Fig. 7 C illustrates that the pp21 signals were also revealed with the chain–specific mAb. The bottom panel of Fig. 7 C demonstrates that equivalent amounts of ZAP-70 were present in precipitates from each of the three populations.
The results presented in Fig. 7 C indicate that the chain is at least partially phosphorylated in primary resting T cells and in clonal populations that exhibit a permissive anti-TCR signaling phenotype. Notably, pp21 is present at much reduced levels in clonal populations derived from cultures containing IL-2, which are nonpermissive to anti-TCR. Furthermore, this pp21 is constitutively associated with ZAP-70 in resting primary T cells, as previously demonstrated (34), and in resting T cell clones. Thus, both primary resting T cells, and resting clones exhibit a basal level of pp21, at least some of which is constitutively associated with ZAP-70. This phenotype correlates with both the presence of kinase-active Lck at the plasma membrane and responsiveness to anti-TCR–mediated growth.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Responsiveness to TCR-specific mAbs in clone 2.5.2 and primary CD4+ T cells correlates with the presence of detectable kinase active Lck at the plasma membrane, and this compartment of Lck is modulated in response to exogenous IL-2. Specifically, IL-2–mediated refractoriness to anti-TCR in clone 2.5.2 correlates with the absence of detectable kinase-active, membrane-associated Lck. In contrast, the cytosolic pool of Lck derived from clone 2.5.2 was kinase active whether or not the cells were responsive to anti-TCR. Thus, kinase-active cytosolic Lck is probably not involved in anti-TCR–mediated T cell growth. Consistent with this tenet is previous work demonstrating that forced expression of exogenous constitutively active Lck results in a hypersensitive TCR signaling phenotype (29) only when Lck can tether to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane (30). These results support the conclusion that plasma membrane-associated and cytosolic pools of Lck support distinct cellular functions (61), and the results presented here demonstrate that IL-2 may induce a redistribution of activity within these pools.
Our study extends those first describing the capacity of IL-2 to alter Lck function (24, 25), with some notable differences. The latter studies demonstrated an IL-2–mediated transient activation of cellular Lck. Mitogen-activated T cells were propagated in IL-2, then starved of IL-2 before assessing the effects of subsequent IL-2 exposure on Lck activity. Neither the kinase activity of Lck in the initial resting T cell population, nor the subcellular distribution of the kinase active Lck induced by IL-2, was assessed. In contrast, we have observed an IL-2–mediated downregulation of Lck kinase activity, specifically of that Lck associated with the plasma membrane. The high basal level of cytosolic Lck kinase activity observed in both resting and cycling T cell clones may have precluded our detection of an IL-2– mediated increase in Lck activity in the cytosolic pool. However, this basal level of Lck kinase activity appears to be physiological, as it is observed in primary resting T cells.
No differences in the subcellular distribution of Lck protein could be correlated with IL-2–induced alterations in the cellular distribution of Lck kinase activity. It is possible that, once activated by IL-2, Lck is dislodged from the plasma membrane to the cytosol, and replaced by kinase-inactive Lck. This Lck would in turn become activated and redistribute to the cytosol under continuing IL-2–mediated pressure. Thus, we posit that use of Lck in IL-2 receptor signaling (26) results in the redistribution of kinase-active protein, and thus impairs subsequent anti-TCR–mediated responses.
According to this paradigm, IL-2–mediated inhibition of anti-TCR–induced growth would be ameliorated in the absence of membrane CD4 expression. Anti-TCR and antigen-mediated T cell activation would not engage the CD4-associated pool of Lck in similar fashions. mAb-mediated T cell activation may predominantly engage that pool of membrane-associated Lck that is not bound to CD4. In the absence of membrane CD4 expression, the available pool of membrane-associated Lck required for anti-TCR signaling would be larger and therefore proportionally less depleted by IL-2. This would explain the anti-TCR responsiveness of clone 2.10, the CD4– clonal variant of clone 2.5. Thus, when cultured in concentrations of IL-2 that inhibit anti-TCR–induced growth of the CD4+ clone 2.5, clone 2.10 is still responsive to anti-TCR–induced growth (Fig. 1 and reference 27). Furthermore, kinase-active Lck associated with the plasma membrane is observed in clone 2.10 (Fig. 2). The prediction follows that increasing the concentration of IL-2 used to propagate clone 2.10 should ultimately result in the inhibition of anti-TCR–induced growth, and indeed antigen-induced growth. Anti-TCR– mediated growth of clone 2.10 propagated in 50–100 U/ml IL-2 is inhibited, as is the antigen response of both clones 2.5 and 2.10 propagated in these conditions (data not shown). Similar IL-2–mediated inhibition of the antigen response of CD4+ T cell clones have been reported by other investigators (17). It is possible that these high concentrations of exogenous IL-2 have predisposed cells to antigen receptor–induced apoptosis (16).
The observed differences in the sensitivity of anti-TCR and antigen induced responses to exogenous IL-2 may reflect the differential involvement of the CD4 associated compartment of membrane Lck in these two modes of activation. Thus, doses of IL-2 that virtually ablate the anti-TCR responses of clones 2.5 and 2.5.2 do not impair their responses to antigen (Figs. 1 and 3). Membrane-associated Lck is nonetheless kinase inactive in these cells before antigen stimulation (Figs. 2 and 5). As previously described for clone 2.5, antibody-mediated coaggregation of CD4 with TCR does result in robust responses, but only if CD4 is associated with Lck (27). Thus, as with coaggregation of mAbs, antigen-mediated juxtaposition of CD4–Lck with the TCR–CD3 complex (62) obviates the requirement for preexisting membrane-associated kinase-active Lck associated with anti-TCR responsiveness in resting clones and primary T cells.
Consistent with these notions is the demonstration in this study that mAb-mediated aggregation of CD4 on clone 2.5.2 propagated in IL-2 results in the induction of kinase activity within the CD4-associated pool of Lck (Fig. 6). This result supports the conclusion that the capacity of antigen, but not anti-TCR, to induce the growth of clone 2.5.2 propagated in these conditions reflects the differential recruitment of the CD4-associated pool of Lck to the antigen receptor complex. Furthermore, the inactivity of "membrane" Lck in clone 2.5.2 propagated in IL-2 correlates with undetectable levels of phosphotyrosyl content, suggesting that phosphorylation of Y394, demonstrated by others to predicate Lck activation, is a probable basis for this IL-2–mediated Lck phenotype. Thus, IL-2–mediated downregulation of the basal kinase activity of membrane-associated Lck in clone 2.5.2 is not irreversible, and can presumably be rescued by antigen-mediated coaggregation of CD4 with the TCR–CD3 complex.
The functional uncoupling of mAb-mediated TCR and CD3 signaling observed in this study is not unprecedented. The first demonstration involved the characterization of the differential capacity of anti-TCRCβ and anti-CD3 to induce calcium flux in thymocytes and lymph node T cells (63). Subsequent studies extended this signaling phenotype to include mature primary T cells (47–49). The central role of Lck in this uncoupling phenotype is supported by results obtained using Lck-deficient T cells. Studies using Lck– variants of the T cell line, Jurkat, demonstrated that signaling mediated by Ti-specific mAb was profoundly reduced in comparison to that mediated by CD3-specific mAb (42). Furthermore, mAb-mediated signaling through the TCR in primary T cells from Lck-deficient animals is ablated, whereas that through CD3 is only partially affected (43). The results presented in this study demonstrate that IL-2, through altering the subcellular distribution of kinase-active Lck, mediates the same uncoupling phenotype. Taken together, the results support the conclusion that mAb-mediated signaling through TCR and CD3 has differential requirements for Lck.
Although the role of Lck in generating proximal signals emanating from the TCR has been established, there is a paucity of information correlating its cellular location with its delivery of function. A plausible function of the kinase-active, membrane-associated Lck described in this study is the maintenance of a basal level of TCR- phosphorylation. In vitro observations have demonstrated that the chain can be a substrate for Lck (35, 36). In this study we demonstrate that the presence of kinase-active Lck at the plasma membrane correlates with the presence of pp21 and its constitutive association with ZAP-70. This result supports and extends the recently published observation that thymocytes isolated from mice containing a targeted disruption of the Lck locus do not contain pp21, whereas those thymocytes from Lck-sufficient animals do (36). The pp21 observed in this study represents a hypophosphorylated form of the molecule. As previously described (64), it is accompanied by a pp23 form, induced upon aggregation of the antigen receptor. Furthermore, immune complex kinase assays indicate that the ZAP-70 in pp21–ZAP 70 complexes is inactive and is activated only upon aggregation of the antigen receptor complex (34). Thus, resting T cells are poised to respond through TCR, and the basal configuration of the antigen receptor complex supporting this phenotype is mediated at least in part through the presence of kinase-active, membrane-associated Lck.
Recent results provide a possible mechanism through which the basal level of Lck kinase activity reported here could be induced and maintained in primary resting T cells, and by extension in resting T cell clones cultured in the presence of syngeneic irradiated splenocytes. The survival of mature CD4+ and CD8+ naive T cells is profoundly compromised in the absence of MHC class II and MHC class I expression, respectively, in the periphery (65, 66). Thus, in MHC null mice, the half-life of mature T cells of either lineage is markedly reduced. These results support the conclusion that continuous, and probably low affinity, interaction of TCR with self-MHC molecules in the absence of nominal peptide is providing critical survival signals. The basal configuration of the TCR–CD3 complex described in this study, comprised of pp21 and its complexes with ZAP-70, could reflect the biochemical consequences of these interactions on the activity of Lck.
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Acknowledgments |
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Submitted: 17 February 1998
Revised: 30 July 1998
L. Haughn and B. Leung contributed equally to this paper.
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References |
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