The Journal of Experimental Medicine
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Published online
doi:10.1084/jem.20081747
The Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. 206, No. 1, 169-181
The Rockefeller University Press, 0022-1007 $30.00
© Schuster et al.
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ARTICLE

 HLA-DR+ leukocytes acquire CD1 antigens in embryonic and fetal human skin and contain functional antigen-presenting cells

Christopher Schuster1, Christine Vaculik1, Christian Fiala3, Simone Meindl1, Oliver Brandt1, Martin Imhof2, Georg Stingl1, Wolfgang Eppel2, and Adelheid Elbe-Bürger1

1 Department of Dermatology, DIAID and 2 Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
3 Gynmed-Ambulatorium, 1150 Vienna, Austria

CORRESPONDENCE Adelheid Elbe-Bürger: adelheid.elbe-buerger{at}meduniwien.ac.at

Adequate numbers and functional maturity are needed for leukocytes to exhibit a protective role in host defense. During intrauterine life, the skin immune system has to acquire these prerequisites to protect the newborn from infection in the hostile external environment after birth. We investigated the quantitative, phenotypic, and functional development of skin leukocytes and analyzed the factors controlling their proliferation and trafficking during skin development. We show that CD45+ leukocytes are scattered in embryonic human skin and that their numbers continuously increase as the developing skin generates an environment that promotes proliferation of skin resident leukocytes as well as the influx of leukocytes from the circulation. We also found that CD45+HLA-DRhighCD1c+ dendritic cells (DCs) are already present in the epidermis and dermis at 9 wk estimated gestational age (EGA) and that transforming growth factor β1 production precedes Langerin and CD1a expression on CD45+CD1c+ Langerhans cell (LC) precursors. Functionally, embryonic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are able to phagocytose antigen, to up-regulate costimulatory molecules upon culture, and to efficiently stimulate T cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. Collectively, our data provide insight into skin DC biology and the mechanisms through which skin DCs presumably populate the skin during development.

Abbreviations used: DAB, diamino-benzidine-tetrahydrochloride; EGA, estimated gestational age; LC, Langerhans cell; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling.

© 2009 Schuster et al.
This article is distributed under the terms of an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike–No Mirror Sites license for the first six months after the publication date (see http://www.jem.org/misc/terms.shtml). After six months it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 Unported license, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/).


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