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¹ Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
² Netherlands Cancer Institute–Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Ziekenhuis, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
³ Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
⁴ University of Lausanne, Department of Biochemistry, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland

CORRESPONDENCE Hergen Spits: spits.hergen{at}gene.com

IgM⁺IgD⁺CD27⁺ B cells from peripheral blood have been described as circulating marginal zone B cells. It is still unknown when and where these cells develop. These IgM⁺IgD⁺CD27⁺ B cells exhibit somatic hypermutations (SHMs) in their B cell receptors, but the exact nature of the signals leading to induction of these SHMs remains elusive. Here, we show that IgM⁺IgD⁺CD27⁺ B cells carrying SHMs are observed during human fetal development. To examine the role of T cells in human IgM⁺IgD⁺CD27⁺ B cell development we used an in vivo model in which Rag2^–/–_C^–/– mice were repopulated with human hematopoietic stem cells. Using Rag2^–/–_C^–/– mice on a Nude background, we demonstrated that development and induction of SHMs of human IgM⁺IgD⁺CD27⁺ B cells can occur in a T cell–independent manner.

F.A. Scheeren's present address is Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.

H. Spits' present address is Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080.

© 2008 Scheeren et al. This article is distributed under the terms of an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike–No Mirror Sites license for the first six months after the publication date (see http://www.jem.org/misc/terms.shtml). After six months it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 Unported license, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/).

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