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H. von Boehmer is at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115

CORRESPONDENCE H.v.B.: harald_von_boehmer{at}dfci.harvard.edu

ABSTRACT
Oral tolerance has been argued to depend on "special" presentation of antigen in the gut. New studies support this idea by showing that the catalysis of vitamin A into retinoic acid (RA) in gut-associated dendritic cells (DCs) enhances the transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß–dependent conversion of naive T cells into regulatory T (T reg) cells and also directs T reg cell homing to the gut. These results reveal new tolerance mechanisms that will aid the use of T reg cells in the clinic.

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