Immunization with vaccinia virus induces polyfunctional and phenotypically distinctive CD8+ T cell responses

doi:10.1084/jem.20062363

Published online May 29, 2007
doi:10.1084/jem.20062363
The Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. 204, No. 6, 1405-1416
The Rockefeller University Press, 0022-1007 $30.00
© 2007 Precopio et al.

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ARTICLE

Immunization with vaccinia virus induces polyfunctional and phenotypically distinctive CD8⁺ T cell responses

Melissa L. Precopio¹, Michael R. Betts⁶, Janie Parrino², David A. Price³^,7, Emma Gostick⁷, David R. Ambrozak¹, Tedi E. Asher³, Daniel C. Douek³, Alexandre Harari⁸, Giuseppe Pantaleo⁸, Robert Bailer⁴, Barney S. Graham², Mario Roederer⁵, and Richard A. Koup¹

¹ Immunology Laboratory, ² Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, ³ Human Immunology Section, ⁴ Immunology Core Laboratory, ⁵ ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
⁶ Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
⁷ Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, England, UK
⁸ Laboratory of AIDS Immunopathogenesis, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland

CORRESPONDENCE Richard A. Koup: rkoup{at}mail.nih.gov

Vaccinia virus immunization provides lifelong protection againstsmallpox, but the mechanisms of this exquisite protection areunknown. We used polychromatic flow cytometry to characterizethe functional and phenotypic profile of CD8⁺ T cells inducedby vaccinia virus immunization in a comparative vaccine trialof modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) versus Dryvax immunizationin which protection was assessed against subsequent Dryvax challenge.Vaccinia virus–specific CD8⁺ T cells induced by both MVAand Dryvax were highly polyfunctional; they degranulated andproduced interferon ${gamma}$ , interleukin 2, macrophage inflammatoryprotein 1ß, and tumor necrosis factor ${alpha}$ after antigenicstimulation. Responding CD8⁺ T cells exhibited an unusual phenotype(CD45RO^–CD27^intermediate). The unique phenotype and highdegree of polyfunctionality induced by vaccinia virus also extendedto inserted HIV gene products of recombinant NYVAC. This qualityof the CD8⁺ T cell response may be at least partially responsiblefor the profound efficacy of these vaccines in protection againstsmallpox and serves as a benchmark against which other vaccinescan be evaluated.

Abbreviations used: APC, allophycocyanin; CCR, CC chemokinereceptor; MFI, median fluorescence intensity; MIP, macrophageinflammatory protein; MVA, modified vaccinia virus Ankara.

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