The Journal of Experimental Medicine
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Published online December 18, 2006
doi:10.1084/jem.20062008
The Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. 203, No. 13, 2853-2863
The Rockefeller University Press, 0022-1007 $30.00
© 2006 Wang et al.
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ARTICLE

 A bacterial carbohydrate links innate and adaptive responses through Toll-like receptor 2

Qun Wang1,2, Rachel M. McLoughlin1, Brian A. Cobb1,2, Marie Charrel-Dennis1,2, Kathleen J. Zaleski1, Douglas Golenbock3, Arthur O. Tzianabos1, and Dennis L. Kasper1,2

1 Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
2 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
3 Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605

CORRESPONDENCE Dennis L. Kasper: dennis_kasper{at}hms.harvard.edu

Commensalism is critical to a healthy Th1/Th2 cell balance. Polysaccharide A (PSA), which is produced by the intestinal commensal Bacteroides fragilis, activates CD4+ T cells, resulting in a Th1 response correcting the Th2 cell skew of germ-free mice. We identify Toll-like receptors as crucial to the convergence of innate and adaptive responses stimulated by PSA. Optimization of the Th1 cytokine interferon-{gamma} in PSA-stimulated dendritic cell–CD4+ T cell co-cultures depends on both Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and antigen presentation. Synergy between the innate and adaptive responses was also shown when TLR2–/– mice exhibited impaired intraabdominal abscess formation in response to B. fragilis. Commensal bacteria, using molecules like PSA, potentially modulate the Th1/Th2 cell balance and the response to infection by coordinating both the innate and adaptive pathways.

Abbreviations used: BMDC, bone marrow–derived DC; HEK, human embryonic kidney; iNOS, inducible NO synthase; MALP-3, macrophage-activating lipopeptide 3; MHCII, MHC class II; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern; PSA, polysaccharide A; SCC, sterilized cecal contents; SEA, staphylococcal enterotoxin A; Sp1, type 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide; TLR, Toll-like receptor; ZPS, zwitterionic polysaccharide.


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