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Francesca Macchiarini^a,b,c,d, Markus G. Manz^a,b,c,d, A. Karolina Palucka^a,b,c,d, and Leonard D. Shultz^a,b,c,d

^a F.M. is at Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892.
^b M.G.M. is at Institute for Research in Biomedicine, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
^c A.K.P. is at Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204.
^d L.D.S. is at The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609.

CORRESPONDENCE F.M.: fmacchiarini{at}niaid.nih.gov

Abstract
Animal models have been instrumental in increasing the understanding of human physiology, particularly immunity. However, these animal models have been limited by practical considerations and genetic diversity. The creation of humanized mice that carry partial or complete human physiological systems may help overcome these obstacles. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases convened a workshop on humanized mouse models for immunity in Bethesda, MD, on June 13–14, 2005, during which researchers discussed the benefits and limitations of existing animal models and offered insights into the development of future humanized mouse models.

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