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¹ Discovery Research, DNAX Research Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94304
² Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology, DNAX Research Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94304
³ Bioinformatics, DNAX Research Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94304

CORRESPONDENCE Daniel J. Cua: daniel.cua{at}dnax.org

Interleukin (IL)-23 is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of a unique p19 subunit, and a common p40 subunit shared with IL-12. IL-12 is important for the development of T helper (Th)1 cells that are essential for host defense and tumor suppression. In contrast, IL-23 does not promote the development of interferon-–producing Th1 cells, but is one of the essential factors required for the expansion of a pathogenic CD4⁺ T cell population, which is characterized by the production of IL-17, IL-17F, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor. Gene expression analysis of IL-23–driven autoreactive T cells identified a unique expression pattern of proinflammatory cytokines and other novel factors, distinguishing them from IL-12–driven T cells. Using passive transfer studies, we confirm that these IL-23–dependent CD4⁺ T cells are highly pathogenic and essential for the establishment of organ-specific inflammation associated with central nervous system autoimmunity.

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• Mathers, A. R., Janelsins, B. M., Rubin, J. P., Tkacheva, O. A., Shufesky, W. J., Watkins, S. C., Morelli, A. E., Larregina, A. T. (2009). Differential Capability of Human Cutaneous Dendritic Cell Subsets to Initiate Th17 Responses. J. Immunol. 182: 921-933 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jiang, H.-R., Al Rasebi, Z., Mensah-Brown, E., Shahin, A., Xu, D., Goodyear, C. S., Fukada, S. Y., Liu, F.-T., Liew, F. Y., Lukic, M. L. (2009). Galectin-3 Deficiency Reduces the Severity of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 182: 1167-1173 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yuan, X., Paez-Cortez, J., Schmitt-Knosalla, I., D'Addio, F., Mfarrej, B., Donnarumma, M., Habicht, A., Clarkson, M. R., Iacomini, J., Glimcher, L. H., Sayegh, M. H., Ansari, M. J. (2008). A novel role of CD4 Th17 cells in mediating cardiac allograft rejection and vasculopathy. JEM 205: 3133-3144 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rao, D. A., Eid, R. E., Qin, L., Yi, T., Kirkiles-Smith, N. C., Tellides, G., Pober, J. S. (2008). Interleukin (IL)-1 promotes allogeneic T cell intimal infiltration and IL-17 production in a model of human artery rejection. JEM 205: 3145-3158 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Michel, M.-L., Mendes-da-Cruz, D., Keller, A. C., Lochner, M., Schneider, E., Dy, M., Eberl, G., Leite-de-Moraes, M. C. (2008). Critical role of ROR-{gamma}t in a new thymic pathway leading to IL-17-producing invariant NKT cell differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 19845-19850 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yamazaki, T., Yang, X. O., Chung, Y., Fukunaga, A., Nurieva, R., Pappu, B., Martin-Orozco, N., Kang, H. S., Ma, L., Panopoulos, A. D., Craig, S., Watowich, S. S., Jetten, A. M., Tian, Q., Dong, C. (2008). CCR6 Regulates the Migration of Inflammatory and Regulatory T Cells. J. Immunol. 181: 8391-8401 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shainheit, M. G., Smith, P. M., Bazzone, L. E., Wang, A. C., Rutitzky, L. I., Stadecker, M. J. (2008). Dendritic Cell IL-23 and IL-1 Production in Response to Schistosome Eggs Induces Th17 Cells in a Mouse Strain Prone to Severe Immunopathology. J. Immunol. 181: 8559-8567 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yang, Y., Xu, J., Niu, Y., Bromberg, J. S., Ding, Y. (2008). T-bet and Eomesodermin Play Critical Roles in Directing T Cell Differentiation to Th1 versus Th17. J. Immunol. 181: 8700-8710 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kim, H.-J., Jung, C.-G., Jensen, M. A., Dukala, D., Soliven, B. (2008). Targeting of Myelin Protein Zero in a Spontaneous Autoimmune Polyneuropathy. J. Immunol. 181: 8753-8760 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

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