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Leishmania major LACK Antigen Is Required for Efficient Vertebrate Parasitization
Address correspondence to Richard M. Locksley, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, Room C-443, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143. Phone: (415) 476-5859; Fax: (415) 476-9364; email: locksley{at}medicine.ucsf.edu
The Leishmania major LACK antigen is a key target of the immune response in susceptible BALB/c mice and remains a viable vaccine candidate for human leishmaniasis. We describe the genomic organization of the four lack genes in the L. major diploid genome together with results of selected lack gene targeting. Parasites containing a single lack gene in either the upstream or downstream locus grew comparably to wild-type promastigotes in vitro, but failed to parasitize BALB/c mice efficiently, even in a T cell–deficient environment. The replication of single copy lack mutants as amastigotes was attenuated in macrophages in vitro, and parasites failed to increase in numbers in immunodeficient mice, despite their persistence over months. Complementation with an additional lack copy was sufficient to induce robust lesion development, which also occurred using parasites with two lack genes. Conversely, attempts to generate lack-null parasites failed, suggesting that LACK is required for parasite viability. These data suggest that LACK is critical for effective mammalian parasitization and thus represents a potential drug target for leishmaniasis.
Key Words: Leishmania major • LACK • protozoa • gene targeting • WD repeat proteins
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