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Original Article

¹ Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
² Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U478, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 75018 Paris Cedex 18, France

Address correspondence to Mathias Hornef, Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Theorellsväg 3, 17177-Stockholm, Sweden. Phone: 46-8-7287409; Fax: 46-8-342651; E-mail: mathias.hornef{at}mtc.ki.se

Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 is mainly found on cells of the myelopoietic lineage. It recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and mediates cellular activation and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Less is known about the distribution and role of TLR4 in epithelial cells that are continuously exposed to microbes and microbial products. Here we show that the murine small intestinal epithelial cell line m-IC_cl2 is highly responsive to LPS and expresses both CD14 and TLR4. Transcription and surface membrane staining for CD14 were up-regulated upon LPS exposure. Surprisingly, TLR4 immunostaining revealed a strictly cytoplasmic paranuclear distribution. This paranuclear compartment could be identified as the Golgi apparatus. LPS added to the supernatant was internalized by m-IC_cl2 cells and colocalized with TLR4. Continuous exposure to LPS led to a tolerant phenotype but did not alter TLR4 expression nor cellular distribution. Thus, intestinal epithelial cells might be able to provide the initial proinflammatory signal to attract professional immune cells to the side of infection. The cytoplasmic location of TLR4, which is identical to the final location of internalized LPS, further indicates an important role of cellular internalization and cytoplasmic traffic in the process of innate immune recognition.

Key Words: toll-like receptor 4 • Golgi apparatus • lipopolysaccharide • CD14 • LPS tolerance

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