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Original Article

^a Microbial Genetics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
^b Eijkman Winkler Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
^c Organic Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
^d EMC Microcollections^®, 72070 Tuebingen, Germany
^e Department of Rheumatology, University of Goeteborg, S-41346 Goeteborg, Sweden
^f Medical and Natural Sciences Research Center, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
^g TNO Nutrition and Food Research, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
Microbial Genetics, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28E, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.49-7071-29-506549-7071-297-2611

andreas.peschel{at}uni-tuebingen.de

Defensins, antimicrobial peptides of the innate immune system, protect human mucosal epithelia and skin against microbial infections and are produced in large amounts by neutrophils. The bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is insensitive to defensins by virtue of an unknown resistance mechanism. We describe a novel staphylococcal gene, mprF, which determines resistance to several host defense peptides such as defensins and protegrins. An mprF mutant strain was killed considerably faster by human neutrophils and exhibited attenuated virulence in mice, indicating a key role for defensin resistance in the pathogenicity of S. aureus. Analysis of membrane lipids demonstrated that the mprF mutant no longer modifies phosphatidylglycerol with L-lysine. As this unusual modification leads to a reduced negative charge of the membrane surface, MprF-mediated peptide resistance is most likely based on repulsion of the cationic peptides. Accordingly, inactivation of mprF led to increased binding of antimicrobial peptides by the bacteria. MprF has no similarity with genes of known function, but related genes were identified in the genomes of several pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis. MprF thus constitutes a novel virulence factor, which may be of general relevance for bacterial pathogens and represents a new target for attacking multidrug resistant bacteria.

Key Words: host defense peptides • oxygen-independent killing • Staphylococcus aureus virulence • phospholipids • innate immunity

R.W. Jack's present address is Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave., Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.

M. Otto's present address is Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840.

© 2001 The Rockefeller University Press

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This article has been cited by other articles:

• Ganz, T. (2001). Fatal Attraction Evaded: How Pathogenic Bacteria Resist Cationic Polypeptides. JEM 193: f31-f34 [Full Text]  

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