The Journal of Experimental Medicine
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Published online 30 April 2001.
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© The Rockefeller University Press, 0022-1007/2001/5/1027/ $5.00
The Journal of Experimental Medicine, Volume 193, Number 9, May 7, 2001 1027-1034


Original Article

Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1–dependent Induction of Intestinal Trefoil Factor Protects Barrier Function during Hypoxia

Glenn T. Furutaa,c, Jerrold R. Turnere, Cormac T. Taylora, Robert M. Hershbergb, Katrina Comerforda, Sailaja Narravulaa, Daniel K. Podolskyd, and Sean P. Colgana
a Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital, the
b Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, the
c Combined Program for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital,
d Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
e Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201

Correspondence to: Sean P. Colgan, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Thorn Bldg. 704, 20 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115. Tel:617-732-5500 ext. 1401 Fax:617-278-6957 E-mail:colgan{at}zeus.bwh.harvard.edu.

Mucosal organs such as the intestine are supported by a rich and complex underlying vasculature. For this reason, the intestine, and particularly barrier-protective epithelial cells, are susceptible to damage related to diminished blood flow and concomitant tissue hypoxia. We sought to identify compensatory mechanisms that protect epithelial barrier during episodes of intestinal hypoxia. Initial studies examining T84 colonic epithelial cells revealed that barrier function is uniquely resistant to changes elicited by hypoxia. A search for intestinal-specific, barrier-protective factors revealed that the human intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) gene promoter bears a previously unappreciated binding site for hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1. Hypoxia resulted in parallel induction of ITF mRNA and protein. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis using ITF-specific, HIF-1 consensus motifs resulted in a hypoxia-inducible DNA binding activity, and loading cells with antisense oligonucleotides directed against the {alpha} chain of HIF-1 resulted in a loss of ITF hypoxia inducibility. Moreover, addition of anti-ITF antibody resulted in a loss of barrier function in epithelial cells exposed to hypoxia, and the addition of recombinant human ITF to vascular endothelial cells partially protected endothelial cells from hypoxia-elicited barrier disruption. Extensions of these studies in vivo revealed prominent hypoxia-elicited increases in intestinal permeability in ITF null mice. HIF-1–dependent induction of ITF may provide an adaptive link for maintenance of barrier function during hypoxia.

Key Words: epithelium, gastrointestinal disease, transcription factor, intestinal permeability, endothelium


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