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Brief Definitive Report

^a Transplantation Unit, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
^b Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 75 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139.617-679-7071617-551-3637

whancock{at}mpi.com

An allograft is often considered an immunologically inert playing field on which host leukocytes assemble and wreak havoc. However, we demonstrate that graft-specific physiologic responses to early injury initiate and promulgate destruction of vascularized grafts. Serial analysis of allografts showed that intragraft expression of the three chemokine ligands for the CXC chemo-kine receptor CXCR3 was induced in the order of interferon (IFN)-–inducible protein of 10 kD (IP-10, or CXCL10), IFN-inducible T cell -chemoattractant (I-TAC; CXCL11), and then monokine induced by IFN- (Mig, CXCL9). Initial IP-10 production was localized to endothelial cells, and only IP-10 was induced by isografting. Anti–IP-10 monoclonal antibodies prolonged allograft survival, but surprisingly, IP-10–deficient (IP-10^–/–) mice acutely rejected allografts. However, though allografts from IP-10^+/+ mice were rejected by day 7, hearts from IP-10^–/– mice survived long term. Compared with IP-10^+/+ donors, use of IP-10^–/– donors reduced intragraft expression of cytokines, chemokines and their receptors, and associated leukocyte infiltration and graft injury. Hence, tissue-specific generation of a single chemokine in response to initial ischemia/reperfusion can initiate progressive graft infiltration and amplification of multiple effector pathways, and targeting of this proximal chemokine can prevent acute rejection. These data emphasize the pivotal role of donor-derived IP-10 in initiating alloresponses, with implications for tissue engineering to decrease immunogenicity, and demonstrate that chemokine redundancy may not be operative in vivo.

Key Words: chemokine • transplantation • rejection • IP-10 • endothelium

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• Yoneyama, H., Narumi, S., Zhang, Y., Murai, M., Baggiolini, M., Lanzavecchia, A., Ichida, T., Asakura, H., Matsushima, K. (2002). Pivotal Role of Dendritic Cell-derived CXCL10 in the Retention of T Helper Cell 1 Lymphocytes in Secondary Lymph Nodes. JEM 195: 1257-1266 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Medoff, B. D., Sauty, A., Tager, A. M., Maclean, J. A., Smith, R. N., Mathew, A., Dufour, J. H., Luster, A. D. (2002). IFN-{gamma}-Inducible Protein 10 (CXCL10) Contributes to Airway Hyperreactivity and Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Asthma. J. Immunol. 168: 5278-5286 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Afrouzian, M., Ramassar, V., Urmson, J., Zhu, L.-F., Halloran, P. F. (2002). Transcription Factor IRF-1 in Kidney Transplants Mediates Resistance to Graft Necrosis during Rejection. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13: 1199-1209 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dufour, J. H., Dziejman, M., Liu, M. T., Leung, J. H., Lane, T. E., Luster, A. D. (2002). IFN-{gamma}-Inducible Protein 10 (IP-10; CXCL10)-Deficient Mice Reveal a Role for IP-10 in Effector T Cell Generation and Trafficking. J. Immunol. 168: 3195-3204 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zhang, Z., Kaptanoglu, L., Haddad, W., Ivancic, D., Alnadjim, Z., Hurst, S., Tishler, D., Luster, A. D., Barrett, T. A., Fryer, J. (2002). Donor T Cell Activation Initiates Small Bowel Allograft Rejection Through an IFN-{gamma}-Inducible Protein-10-Dependent Mechanism. J. Immunol. 168: 3205-3212 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ye, Q., Fraser, C. C., Gao, W., Wang, L., Busfield, S. J., Wang, C., Qiu, Y., Coyle, A. J., Gutierrez-Ramos, J.-C., Hancock, W. W. (2002). Modulation of LIGHT-HVEM Costimulation Prolongs Cardiac Allograft Survival. JEM 195: 795-800 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• McKee, C. M., Defina, R., He, H., Haley, K. J., Stone, J. R., Perkins, D. L. (2002). Prolonged Allograft Survival in TNF Receptor 1-Deficient Recipients Is Due to Immunoregulatory Effects, Not to Inhibition of Direct Antigraft Cytotoxicity. J. Immunol. 168: 483-489 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Henning, G., Ohl, L., Junt, T., Reiterer, P., Brinkmann, V., Nakano, H., Hohenberger, W., Lipp, M., Forster, R. (2001). CC Chemokine Receptor 7-dependent and -independent Pathways for Lymphocyte Homing: Modulation by FTY720. JEM 194: 1875-1881 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Melter, M., Exeni, A., Reinders, M. E.J., Fang, J. C., McMahon, G., Ganz, P., Hancock, W. W., Briscoe, D. M. (2001). Expression of the Chemokine Receptor CXCR3 and Its Ligand IP-10 During Human Cardiac Allograft Rejection. Circulation 104: 2558-2564 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wiseman, A. C., Pietra, B. A., Kelly, B. P., Rayat, G. R., Rizeq, M., Gill, R. G. (2001). Donor IFN-{gamma} Receptors Are Critical for Acute CD4+ T Cell-Mediated Cardiac Allograft Rejection. J. Immunol. 167: 5457-5463 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

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