Short KIR Haplotypes in Pygmy Chimpanzee (Bonobo) Resemble the Conserved Framework of Diverse Human KIR Haplotypes

doi:10.1084/jem.193.1.135

Published online 1 January 2001.

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© The Rockefeller University Press, 0022-1007/2001/1/135/ $5.00
The Journal of Experimental Medicine, Volume 193, Number 1, January 1, 2001 135-146

Original Article

Short KIR Haplotypes in Pygmy Chimpanzee (Bonobo) Resemble the Conserved Framework of Diverse Human KIR Haplotypes

Raja Rajalingam^a, Mei Hong^a, Erin J. Adams^a, Benny P. Shum^a, Lisbeth A. Guethlein^a, and Peter Parham^a

^a Department of Structural Biology and the Department of Microbiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
the Department of Structural Biology, Sherman Fairchild Building, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.650-424-8912650-723-7456

peropa{at}leland.stanford.edu

Some pygmy chimpanzees (also called Bonobos) give much simplerpatterns of hybridization on Southern blotting with killer cellimmunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) cDNA probes than do eitherhumans or common chimpanzees. Characterization of KIRs frompygmy chimpanzees having simple and complex banding patternsidentified nine different KIRs, representing seven genes. Fiveof these genes have orthologs in the common chimpanzee, andthree of them (KIRCI, KIR2DL4, and KIR2DL5) also have humanorthologs. The remaining two genes are KIR3D paralogous to thehuman and common chimpanzee major histocompatibility complexA– and/or -B–specific KIRs. Within a pygmy chimpanzeefamily, KIR haplotypes were defined. Simple patterns on Southernblot were due to inheritance of "short" KIR haplotypes containingonly three KIR genes, KIRCI, KIR2DL4, and KIR3D, each of whichrepresents one of the three major KIR lineages. These threegenes in pygmy chimpanzees or their corresponding genes in humansand common chimpanzees form the conserved "framework" commonto all KIR haplotypes in these species and upon which haplotypicdiversity is built. The fecundity and health of individual pygmychimpanzees who are homozygotes for short KIR haplotypes attestto the viability of short KIR haplotypes, indicating that theycan provide minimal, essential KIRs for the natural killer andT cells of the hominoid immune system.

Key Words: natural killer cells • killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors • evolution • recombination • polymorphism

Abbreviation used in this paper: KIR, killer cell Ig-like receptor.

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