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Original Article

Martin J. Raftery^a, Christian K. Behrens^b, Anke Müller^a, Peter H. Krammer^b, Henning Walczak^b, and Günther Schönrich^a

^a Department of Medical Virology, Institute of Hygiene, University of Heidelberg,
^b Tumor Immunology Program, Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Dept. of Medical Virology, Institute of Hygiene, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.49-6221-56-500349-6221-56-5525

un691gs{at}genius.embnet.dkfz-heidelberg.de

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), a large DNA-containing virus, is endemic in all human populations investigated. After infection of mucocutaneous surfaces, HSV1 establishes a latent infection in nerve cells. Recently, it was demonstrated that HSV1 can also infect activated T lymphocytes. However, the consequences of T cell infection for viral pathogenesis and immunity are unknown. We have observed that in contrast to the situation in human fibroblasts, in human T cell lines antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules is not blocked after HSV1 infection. Moreover, HSV1 infection of T cells results in rapid elimination of antiviral T cells by fratricide. To dissect the underlying molecular events, we used a transgenic mouse model of HSV1 infection to demonstrate that CD95 (Apo-1, Fas)-triggered apoptosis is essential for HSV1-induced fratricide, whereas tumor necrosis factor (TNF) also contributes to this phenomenon but to a lesser extent. By contrast, neither TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) nor perforin were involved. Finally, we defined two mechanisms associated with HSV1-associated fratricide of antiviral T cells: (a) T cell receptor–mediated upregulation of CD95 ligand and (b) a viral "competence-to-die" signal that renders activated T lymphocytes susceptible to CD95 signaling. We propose that induction of fratricide is an important immune evasion mechanism of HSV1, helping the virus to persist in the host organism throughout its lifetime.

Key Words: viral immune evasion • apoptosis • activation-induced cell death • herpes simplex virus • antigen presentation

© 1999 The Rockefeller University Press

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This article has been cited by other articles:

• Wagner, M. J., Smiley, J. R. (2009). Herpes Simplex Virus Requires VP11/12 To Induce Phosphorylation of the Activation Loop Tyrosine (Y394) of the Src Family Kinase Lck in T Lymphocytes. J. Virol. 83: 12452-12461 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

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