MD-2, a Molecule that Confers Lipopolysaccharide Responsiveness on Toll-like Receptor 4

doi:10.1084/jem.189.11.1777

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J. Exp. Med., Volume 189, Number 11, June 7, 1999 1777-1782

MD-2, a Molecule that Confers Lipopolysaccharide Responsiveness on Toll-like Receptor 4

By Rintaro Shimazu, Sachiko Akashi, Hirotaka Ogata, Yoshinori Nagai, Kenji Fukudome, Kensuke Miyake, and Masao Kimoto

From the Department of Immunology, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a mammalian homologue of Drosophila Toll, a leucine-rich repeat molecule that can trigger innateresponses against pathogens. The TLR4 gene has recently been shownto be mutated in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice, both of whichare low responders to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TLR4 may be along-sought receptor for LPS. However, transfection of TLR4 doesnot confer LPS responsiveness on a recipient cell line, suggestinga requirement for an additional molecule. Here, we report thata novel molecule, MD-2, is requisite for LPS signaling of TLR4.MD-2 is physically associated with TLR4 on the cell surface andconfers responsiveness to LPS. MD-2 is thus a link between TLR4and LPS signaling. Identification of this new receptor complexhas potential implications for understanding host defense, aswell as pathophysiologic,mechanisms.

Key words: leucine-rich repeat; RP105; MD-1; nuclear factor $kappa$ B; signaling

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Rallabhandi, P., Bell, J., Boukhvalova, M. S., Medvedev, A., Lorenz, E., Arditi, M., Hemming, V. G., Blanco, J. C. G., Segal, D. M., Vogel, S. N. (2006). Analysis of TLR4 Polymorphic Variants: New Insights into TLR4/MD-2/CD14 Stoichiometry, Structure, and Signaling. J. Immunol. 177: 322-332 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Rolland, A., Jouvin-Marche, E., Viret, C., Faure, M., Perron, H., Marche, P. N. (2006). The Envelope Protein of a Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W Family Activates Innate Immunity through CD14/TLR4 and Promotes Th1-Like Responses.. J. Immunol. 176: 7636-7644 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Macagno, A., Molteni, M., Rinaldi, A., Bertoni, F., Lanzavecchia, A., Rossetti, C., Sallusto, F. (2006). A cyanobacterial LPS antagonist prevents endotoxin shock and blocks sustained TLR4 stimulation required for cytokine expression. JEM 203: 1481-1492 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Bell, J. K., Askins, J., Hall, P. R., Davies, D. R., Segal, D. M. (2006). The dsRNA binding site of human Toll-like receptor 3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 8792-8797 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Medvedev, A. E., Sabroe, I., Hasday, J. D., Vogel, S. N. (2006). Invited review: Tolerance to microbial TLR ligands: molecular mechanisms and relevance to disease. Innate Immunity 12: 133-150 [Abstract]
Sanchez-Tillo, E., Comalada, M., Farrera, C., Valledor, A. F., Lloberas, J., Celada, A. (2006). Macrophage-Colony-Stimulating Factor-Induced Proliferation and Lipopolysaccharide-Dependent Activation of Macrophages Requires Raf-1 Phosphorylation to Induce Mitogen Kinase Phosphatase-1 Expression.. J. Immunol. 176: 6594-6602 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kobayashi, M., Saitoh, S.-i., Tanimura, N., Takahashi, K., Kawasaki, K., Nishijima, M., Fujimoto, Y., Fukase, K., Akashi-Takamura, S., Miyake, K. (2006). Regulatory Roles for MD-2 and TLR4 in Ligand-Induced Receptor Clustering. J. Immunol. 176: 6211-6218 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Viriyakosol, S., Tobias, P. S., Kirkland, T. N. (2006). Mutational Analysis of Membrane and Soluble Forms of Human MD-2. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 11955-11964 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Traub, S., von Aulock, S., Hartung, T., Hermann, C. (2006). Invited review: MDP and other muropeptides direct and synergistic effects on the immune system. Innate Immunity 12: 69-85 [Abstract]
Akashi-Takamura, S., Furuta, T., Takahashi, K., Tanimura, N., Kusumoto, Y., Kobayashi, T., Saitoh, S.-i., Adachi, Y., Doi, T., Miyake, K. (2006). Agonistic Antibody to TLR4/MD-2 Protects Mice from Acute Lethal Hepatitis Induced by TNF-{alpha}. J. Immunol. 176: 4244-4251 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Cario, E., Golenbock, D. T., Visintin, A., Runzi, M., Gerken, G., Podolsky, D. K. (2006). Trypsin-Sensitive Modulation of Intestinal Epithelial MD-2 as Mechanism of Lipopolysaccharide Tolerance. J. Immunol. 176: 4258-4266 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ii, M., Matsunaga, N., Hazeki, K., Nakamura, K., Takashima, K., Seya, T., Hazeki, O., Kitazaki, T., Iizawa, Y. (2006). A Novel Cyclohexene Derivative, Ethyl (6R)-6-[N-(2-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl)sulfamoyl]cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate (TAK-242), Selectively Inhibits Toll-Like Receptor 4-Mediated Cytokine Production through Suppression of Intracellular Signaling. Mol. Pharmacol. 69: 1288-1295 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Park, J. S., Gamboni-Robertson, F., He, Q., Svetkauskaite, D., Kim, J.-Y., Strassheim, D., Sohn, J.-W., Yamada, S., Maruyama, I., Banerjee, A., Ishizaka, A., Abraham, E. (2006). High mobility group box 1 protein interacts with multiple Toll-like receptors. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 290: C917-C924 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Regueiro, V., Campos, M. A., Pons, J., Alberti, S., Bengoechea, J. A. (2006). The uptake of a Klebsiella pneumoniae capsule polysaccharide mutant triggers an inflammatory response by human airway epithelial cells. Microbiology 152: 555-566 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Harada, K, Isse, K, Nakanuma, Y (2006). Interferon {gamma} accelerates NF-{kappa}B activation of biliary epithelial cells induced by Toll-like receptor and ligand interaction. J. Clin. Pathol. 59: 184-190 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hashimoto, M., Tawaratsumida, K., Kariya, H., Aoyama, K., Tamura, T., Suda, Y. (2006). Lipoprotein is a predominant Toll-like receptor 2 ligand in Staphylococcus aureus cell wall components. Int Immunol 18: 355-362 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Tuin, A., Huizinga-Van der Vlag, A., van Loenen-Weemaes, A.-M. M. A., Meijer, D. K. F., Poelstra, K. (2006). On the role and fate of LPS-dephosphorylating activity in the rat liver. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 290: G377-G385 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Cohn, E. F., Nathan, C., Radzioch, D., Yu, H., Xiang, Z., Ding, A. (2006). Abrupt Expression of TLR4 in TLR4-Deficient Macrophages Imposes a Selective Disadvantage: Genetic Evidence for TLR4-Dependent Responses to Endogenous, Nonmicrobial Stimuli. J. Immunol. 176: 1185-1194 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Raffatellu, M., Chessa, D., Wilson, R. P., Tukel, C., Akcelik, M., Baumler, A. J. (2006). Capsule-Mediated Immune Evasion: a New Hypothesis Explaining Aspects of Typhoid Fever Pathogenesis. Infect. Immun. 74: 19-27 [Full Text]
Eckert, M., Wittmann, I., Rollinghoff, M., Gessner, A., Schnare, M. (2006). Endotoxin-Induced Expression of Murine Bactericidal Permeability/Increasing Protein Is Mediated Exclusively by Toll/IL-1 Receptor Domain-Containing Adaptor Inducing IFN-{beta}-Dependent Pathways. J. Immunol. 176: 522-528 [Abstract] [Full Text]