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Mice Deficient in Nuclear Factor (NF)-B/p52 Present with Defects in Humoral Responses, Germinal Center Reactions, and Splenic Microarchitecture

Guido Franzoso^*, Louise Carlson^*, Ljiljana Poljak^*, Elizabeth W. Shores^||, Suzanne Epstein^¶, Antonio Leonardi^*, Alex Grinberg, Tom Tran^||, Tanya Scharton-Kersten, Miriam Anver^**, Paul Love, Keith Brown^*, and Ulrich Siebenlist^*

^* Laboratory of Immunoregulation, and Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; ^|| Division of Hematologic Products, and ^¶ Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biological Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; ^** Pathology/ Histotechnology Laboratory, Science Applications International Corporation and National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, Maryland 21702

p52 is a subunit of nuclear factor (NF)-B transcription factors, most closely related to p50. Previously, we have shown that p52, but not p50 homodimers can form transactivating complexes when associated with Bcl-3, an unusual member of the IB family. To determine nonredundant physiologic roles of p52, we generated mice deficient in p52. Null mutant mice were impaired in their ability to generate antibodies to T-dependent antigens, consistent with an absence of B cell follicles and follicular dendritic cell networks in secondary lymphoid organs, and an inability to form germinal centers. Furthermore, the splenic marginal zone was disrupted. These phenotypes are largely overlapping with those observed in Bcl-3 knockout animals, but distinct from those of p50 knockouts, supporting the notion of a physiologically relevant complex of p52 homodimers and Bcl-3. Adoptive transfer experiments further suggest that such a complex may be critical in accessory cell functions during antigen-specific immune reactions. Possible roles of p52 and Bcl-3 are discussed that may underlie the oncogenic potential of these proteins, as evidenced by recurrent chromosomal translocations of their genes in lymphoid tumors.

¹ Abbreviations used in this paper: DAB, 3,3'-diammobenzidine; ES, embryonic stem; FCM, flow cytometric; FDC, follicular dendritic cell; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; LT, lymphotoxin, MM, metallophilic macrophage; MZ, marginal zone; MZM, MZ macrophage; neo, neomycin; NF, nuclear factor; PNA, peanut agglutinin; RAG-1, recombination activation gene 1; TD, T-dependent; TI, T-independent.

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