J. Exp. Med., Volume 187, Number 12, June 15, 1998 2065-2072

NKp44, a Novel Triggering Surface Molecule Specifically Expressed by Activated Natural Killer Cells, Is Involved in Non-Major Histocompatibility Complex-restricted Tumor Cell Lysis

By Massimo Vitale,^* Cristina Bottino,^* Simona Sivori, Lorenza Sanseverino, Roberta Castriconi, Emanuela Marcenaro, Raffaella Augugliaro, Lorenzo Moretta, and Alessandro Moretta

From the ^* Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro and Centro Biotecnologie Avanzate, 16132 Genova, Italy; and the  Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy

After culture in interleukin (IL)-2, natural killer (NK) cells acquire an increased capability of mediating non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted tumor cell lysis. This may reflect, at least in part, the de novo expression by NK cells of triggering receptors involved in cytolysis. In this study we identified a novel 44-kD surface molecule (NKp44) that is absent in freshly isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes but is progressively expressed by all NK cells in vitro after culture in IL-2. Different from other markers of cell activation such as CD69 or VLA.2, NKp44 is absent in activated T lymphocytes or T cell clones. Since NKp44 was not detected in any of the other cell lineages analyzed, it appears as the first marker specific for activated human NK cells. Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-mediated cross-linking of NKp44 in cloned NK cells resulted in strong activation of target cell lysis in a redirected killing assay. This data indicated that NKp44 can mediate triggering of NK cell cytotoxicity. mAb-mediated masking of NKp44 resulted in partial inhibition of cytolytic activity against certain (FcR-negative) NK-susceptible target cells. This inhibition was greatly increased by the simultaneous masking of p46, another recently identified NK-specific triggering surface molecule. These data strongly suggest that NKp44 functions as a triggering receptor selectively expressed by activated NK cells that, together with p46, may be involved in the process of non-MHC-restricted lysis. Finally, we show that p46 and NKp44 are coupled to the intracytoplasmic transduction machinery via the association with CD3 or KARAP/DAP12, respectively; these associated molecules are tyrosine phosphorylated upon NK cell stimulation.

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