J. Exp. Med., Volume 186, Number 9, November 3, 1997 1597-1602

BRIEF DEFINITIVE REPORT:
Inhibition of T Cell and Promotion of Natural Killer Cell Development by the Dominant Negative Helix Loop Helix Factor Id3

By Mirjam H.M. Heemskerk,^* Bianca Blom,^* Garry Nolan, Alexander P.A. Stegmann,^* Arjen Q. Bakker,^* Kees Weijer,^* Pieter C.M. Res,^* and Hergen Spits^*

From the ^* Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and  Department of Pharmacology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California

Bipotential T/natural killer (NK) progenitor cells are present in the human thymus. Despite their bipotential capacity, these progenitors develop predominantly to T cells in the thymus. The mechanisms controlling this developmental choice are unknown. Here we present evidence that a member(s) of the family of basic helix loop helix (bHLH) transcription factors determines lineage specification of NK/T cell progenitors. The natural dominant negative HLH factor Id3, which blocks transcriptional activity of a number of known bHLH factors, was expressed in CD34⁺ progenitor cells by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Constitutive expression of Id3 completely blocks development of CD34⁺ cells into T cells in a fetal thymic organ culture (FTOC). In contrast, development into NK cells in an FTOC is enhanced. Thus, the activity of a bHLH transcription factor is necessary for T lineage differentiation of bipotential precursors, in the absence of which a default pathway leading to NK cell development is chosen. Our results identify a molecular switch for lineage specification in early lymphoid precursors of humans.

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