J. Exp. Med.
© The Rockefeller University Press
0022-1007/97/05/1681/12 $2.00
Volume 185, Number 9, May 5, 1997 1681-1692

CCR5 Levels and Expression Pattern Correlate with Infectability by Macrophage-tropic HIV-1, In Vitro

By Lijun Wu,^* William A. Paxton, Nasim Kassam,^* Nancy Ruffing,^* James B. Rottman,^* Nancy Sullivan,^§ Hyeryun Choe,^§ Joseph Sodroski,^§ Walter Newman,^* Richard A. Koup, and Charles R. Mackay^*

From ^* LeukoSite, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142;  Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York 10016; ^§ Division of Human Retrovirology, Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and  Department of Cancer Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115

Chemokine receptors serve as coreceptors for HIV entry into CD4⁺ cells. Their expression is thought to determine the tropism of viral strains for different cell types, and also to influence susceptibility to infection and rates of disease progression. Of the chemokine receptors, CCR5 is the most important for viral transmission, since CCR5 is the principal receptor for primary, macrophage-tropic viruses, and individuals homozygous for a defective CCR5 allele (32/ 32) are highly resistant to infection with HIV-1. In this study, CCR5-specific mAbs were generated using transfectants expressing high levels of CCR5. The specificity of these mAbs was confirmed using a broad panel of chemokine receptor transfectants, and by their non-reactivity with T cells from 32/32 individuals. CCR5 showed a distinct pattern of expression, being abundant on long-term activated, IL-2-stimulated T cells, on a subset of effector/memory T cells in blood, and on tissue macrophages. A comparison of normal and CCR5 32 heterozygotes revealed markedly reduced expression of CCR5 on T cells from the heterozygotes. There was considerable individual to individual variability in the expression of CCR5 on blood T cells, that related to factors other than CCR5 genotype. Low expression of CCR5 correlated with the reduced infectability of T cells with macrophage-tropic HIV-1, in vitro. Anti-CCR5 mAbs inhibited the infection of PBMC by macrophage-tropic HIV-1 in vitro, but did not inhibit infection by T cell-tropic virus. Anti-CCR5 mAbs were poor inhibitors of chemokine binding, indicating that HIV-1 and ligands bind to separate, but overlapping regions of CCR5. These results illustrate many of the important biological features of CCR5, and demonstrate the feasibility of blocking macrophage-tropic HIV-1 entry into cells with an anti-CCR5 reagent.

CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Camargo, J. F., Quinones, M. P., Mummidi, S., Srinivas, S., Gaitan, A. A., Begum, K., Jimenez, F., VanCompernolle, S., Unutmaz, D., Ahuja, S. S., Ahuja, S. K. (2009). CCR5 Expression Levels Influence NFAT Translocation, IL-2 Production, and Subsequent Signaling Events during T Lymphocyte Activation. J. Immunol. 182: 171-182 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Harrison, J. E., Lynch, J. B., Sierra, L.-J., Blackburn, L. A., Ray, N., Collman, R. G., Doms, R. W. (2008). Baseline Resistance of Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains to the CXCR4 Inhibitor AMD3100. J. Virol. 82: 11695-11704 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gaertner, H., Cerini, F., Escola, J.-M., Kuenzi, G., Melotti, A., Offord, R., Rossitto-Borlat, I., Nedellec, R., Salkowitz, J., Gorochov, G., Mosier, D., Hartley, O. (2008). Highly potent, fully recombinant anti-HIV chemokines: Reengineering a low-cost microbicide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 17706-17711 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Eslahpazir, J., Jenabian, M.-A., Bouhlal, H., Hocini, H., Carbonneil, C., Gresenguet, G., Keou, F.-X. M., LeGoff, J., Saidi, H., Requena, M., Nasreddine, N., de Dieu Longo, J., Kaveri, S. V., Belec, L. (2008). Infection of Macrophages and Dendritic Cells with Primary R5-Tropic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Inhibited by Natural Polyreactive Anti-CCR5 Antibodies Purified from Cervicovaginal Secretions. CVI 15: 872-884 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Groot, F., Welsch, S., Sattentau, Q. J. (2008). Efficient HIV-1 transmission from macrophages to T cells across transient virological synapses. Blood 111: 4660-4663 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Monde, K., Maeda, Y., Tanaka, Y., Harada, S., Yusa, K. (2007). Gp120 V3-dependent Impairment of R5 HIV-1 Infectivity Due to Virion-incorporated CCR5. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 36923-36932 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yang, X., Lipchina, I., Lifton, M., Wang, L., Sodroski, J. (2007). Antibody Binding in Proximity to the Receptor/Glycoprotein Complex Leads to a Basal Level of Virus Neutralization. J. Virol. 81: 8809-8813 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• An, D. S., Donahue, R. E., Kamata, M., Poon, B., Metzger, M., Mao, S.-H., Bonifacino, A., Krouse, A. E., Darlix, J.-L., Baltimore, D., Qin, F. X.-F., Chen, I. S. Y. (2007). Stable reduction of CCR5 by RNAi through hematopoietic stem cell transplant in non-human primates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 13110-13115 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Heredia, A., Gilliam, B., Latinovic, O., Le, N., Bamba, D., DeVico, A., Melikyan, G. B., Gallo, R. C., Redfield, R. R. (2007). Rapamycin Reduces CCR5 Density Levels on CD4 T Cells, and This Effect Results in Potentiation of Enfuvirtide (T-20) against R5 Strains of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 In Vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51: 2489-2496 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mummidi, S., Adams, L. M., VanCompernolle, S. E., Kalkonde, M., Camargo, J. F., Kulkarni, H., Bellinger, A. S., Bonello, G., Tagoh, H., Ahuja, S. S., Unutmaz, D., Ahuja, S. K. (2007). Production of Specific mRNA Transcripts, Usage of an Alternate Promoter, and Octamer-Binding Transcription Factors Influence the Surface Expression Levels of the HIV Coreceptor CCR5 on Primary T Cells. J. Immunol. 178: 5668-5681 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Thio, C. L., Astemborski, J., Bashirova, A., Mosbruger, T., Greer, S., Witt, M. D., Goedert, J. J., Hilgartner, M., Majeske, A., O'Brien, S. J., Thomas, D. L., Carrington, M. (2007). Genetic Protection against Hepatitis B Virus Conferred by CCR5{Delta}32: Evidence that CCR5 Contributes to Viral Persistence. J. Virol. 81: 441-445 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sagar, M., Wu, X., Lee, S., Overbaugh, J. (2006). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 V1-V2 Envelope Loop Sequences Expand and Add Glycosylation Sites over the Course of Infection, and These Modifications Affect Antibody Neutralization Sensitivity. J. Virol. 80: 9586-9598 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ho, S.-H., Martin, F., Higginbottom, A., Partridge, L. J., Parthasarathy, V., Moseley, G. W., Lopez, P., Cheng-Mayer, C., Monk, P. N. (2006). Recombinant extracellular domains of tetraspanin proteins are potent inhibitors of the infection of macrophages by human immunodeficiency virus type 1.. J. Virol. 80: 6487-6496 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pastori, C., Weiser, B., Barassi, C., Uberti-Foppa, C., Ghezzi, S., Longhi, R., Calori, G., Burger, H., Kemal, K., Poli, G., Lazzarin, A., Lopalco, L. (2006). Long-lasting CCR5 internalization by antibodies in a subset of long-term nonprogressors: a possible protective effect against disease progression. Blood 107: 4825-4833 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• de Parseval, A., Bobardt, M. D., Chatterji, A., Chatterji, U., Elder, J. H., David, G., Zolla-Pazner, S., Farzan, M., Lee, T.-H., Gallay, P. A. (2005). A Highly Conserved Arginine in gp120 Governs HIV-1 Binding to Both Syndecans and CCR5 via Sulfated Motifs. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 39493-39504 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sundrud, M. S., VanCompernolle, S. E., Eger, K. A., Bruno, T. C., Subramaniam, A., Mummidi, S., Ahuja, S. K., Unutmaz, D. (2005). Transcription factor GATA-1 potently represses the expression of the HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5 in human T cells and dendritic cells. Blood 106: 3440-3448 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ghaffari, G., Tuttle, D. L., Briggs, D., Burkhardt, B. R., Bhatt, D., Andiman, W. A., Sleasman, J. W., Goodenow, M. M. (2005). Complex Determinants in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope gp120 Mediate CXCR4-Dependent Infection of Macrophages. J. Virol. 79: 13250-13261 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lee, C., Tomkowicz, B., Freedman, B. D., Collman, R. G. (2005). HIV-1 gp120-induced TNF-{alpha} production by primary human macrophages is mediated by phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI-3) kinase and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. J. Leukoc. Biol. 78: 1016-1023 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hladik, F., Liu, H., Speelmon, E., Livingston-Rosanoff, D., Wilson, S., Sakchalathorn, P., Hwangbo, Y., Greene, B., Zhu, T., McElrath, M. J. (2005). Combined Effect of CCR5-{Delta}32 Heterozygosity and the CCR5 Promoter Polymorphism -2459 A/G on CCR5 Expression and Resistance to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmission. J. Virol. 79: 11677-11684 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Spagnolo, P., Renzoni, E. A., Wells, A. U., Copley, S. J., Desai, S. R., Sato, H., Grutters, J. C., Abdallah, A., Taegtmeyer, A., du Bois, R. M., Welsh, K. I. (2005). C-C Chemokine Receptor 5 Gene Variants in Relation to Lung Disease in Sarcoidosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 172: 721-728 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chakraborty, R., Morel, A.-S., Sutton, J. K., Appay, V., Ripley, R. M., Dong, T., Rostron, T., Ogola, S., Palakudy, T., Musoke, R., D'Agostino, A., Ritter, M., Rowland-Jones, S. L. (2005). Correlates of Delayed Disease Progression in HIV-1-Infected Kenyan Children. J. Immunol. 174: 8191-8199 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Martin-Garcia, J., Cocklin, S., Chaiken, I. M., Gonzalez-Scarano, F. (2005). Interaction with CD4 and Antibodies to CD4-Induced Epitopes of the Envelope gp120 from a Microglial Cell-Adapted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate. J. Virol. 79: 6703-6713 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Monceaux, V., Viollet, L., Petit, F., Fang, R. H. T., Cumont, M.-C., Zaunders, J., Hurtrel, B., Estaquier, J. (2005). CD8+ T Cell Dynamics during Primary Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Macaques: Relationship of Effector Cell Differentiation with the Extent of Viral Replication. J. Immunol. 174: 6898-6908 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bouhlal, H., Latry, V., Requena, M., Aubry, S., Kaveri, S. V., Kazatchkine, M. D., Belec, L., Hocini, H. (2005). Natural Antibodies to CCR5 from Breast Milk Block Infection of Macrophages and Dendritic Cells with Primary R5-Tropic HIV-1. J. Immunol. 174: 7202-7209 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gonzalez, E., Kulkarni, H., Bolivar, H., Mangano, A., Sanchez, R., Catano, G., Nibbs, R. J., Freedman, B. I., Quinones, M. P., Bamshad, M. J., Murthy, K. K., Rovin, B. H., Bradley, W., Clark, R. A., Anderson, S. A., O'Connell, R. J., Agan, B. K., Ahuja, S. S., Bologna, R., Sen, L., Dolan, M. J., Ahuja, S. K. (2005). The Influence of CCL3L1 Gene-Containing Segmental Duplications on HIV-1/AIDS Susceptibility. Science 307: 1434-1440 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yi, Y., Shaheen, F., Collman, R. G. (2005). Preferential Use of CXCR4 by R5X4 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates for Infection of Primary Lymphocytes. J. Virol. 79: 1480-1486 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Holl, V., Hemmerter, S., Burrer, R., Schmidt, S., Bohbot, A., Aubertin, A.-M., Moog, C. (2004). Involvement of Fc{gamma}R I (CD64) in the Mechanism of HIV-1 Inhibition by Polyclonal IgG Purified from Infected Patients in Cultured Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. J. Immunol. 173: 6274-6283 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• TER KUILE, F. O., PARISE, M. E., VERHOEFF, F. H., UDHAYAKUMAR, V., NEWMAN, R. D., VAN EIJK, A. M., ROGERSON, S. J., STEKETEE, R. W. (2004). THE BURDEN OF CO-INFECTION WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 AND MALARIA IN PREGNANT WOMEN IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 41-54 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Billick, E., Seibert, C., Pugach, P., Ketas, T., Trkola, A., Endres, M. J., Murgolo, N. J., Coates, E., Reyes, G. R., Baroudy, B. M., Sakmar, T. P., Moore, J. P., Kuhmann, S. E. (2004). The Differential Sensitivity of Human and Rhesus Macaque CCR5 to Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry Is Explained by a Single Amino Acid Difference and Suggests a Mechanism of Action for These Inhibitors. J. Virol. 78: 4134-4144 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zaunders, J. J., Dyer, W. B., Wang, B., Munier, M. L., Miranda-Saksena, M., Newton, R., Moore, J., Mackay, C. R., Cooper, D. A., Saksena, N. K., Kelleher, A. D. (2004). Identification of circulating antigen-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes with a CCR5+, cytotoxic phenotype in an HIV-1 long-term nonprogressor and in CMV infection. Blood 103: 2238-2247 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Agrawal, L., Lu, X., Qingwen, J., VanHorn-Ali, Z., Nicolescu, I. V., McDermott, D. H., Murphy, P. M., Alkhatib, G. (2004). Role for CCR5{Delta}32 Protein in Resistance to R5, R5X4, and X4 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Primary CD4+ Cells. J. Virol. 78: 2277-2287 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shimojima, M., Miyazawa, T., Ikeda, Y., McMonagle, E. L., Haining, H., Akashi, H., Takeuchi, Y., Hosie, M. J., Willett, B. J. (2004). Use of CD134 As a Primary Receptor by the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. Science 303: 1192-1195 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Veazey, R. S., Klasse, P. J., Ketas, T. J., Reeves, J. D., Piatak, M. Jr., Kunstman, K., Kuhmann, S. E., Marx, P. A., Lifson, J. D., Dufour, J., Mefford, M., Pandrea, I., Wolinsky, S. M., Doms, R. W., DeMartino, J. A., Siciliano, S. J., Lyons, K., Springer, M. S., Moore, J. P. (2003). Use of a Small Molecule CCR5 Inhibitor in Macaques to Treat Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection or Prevent Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. JEM 198: 1551-1562 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Moore, J. P., Doms, R. W. (2003). The entry of entry inhibitors: A fusion of science and medicine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 10598-10602 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Painter, S. L., Biek, R., Holley, D. C., Poss, M. (2003). Envelope Variants from Women Recently Infected with Clade A Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Confer Distinct Phenotypes That Are Discerned by Competition and Neutralization Experiments. J. Virol. 77: 8448-8461 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kawamura, T., Gulden, F. O., Sugaya, M., McNamara, D. T., Borris, D. L., Lederman, M. M., Orenstein, J. M., Zimmerman, P. A., Blauvelt, A. (2003). R5 HIV productively infects Langerhans cells, and infection levels are regulated by compound CCR5 polymorphisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 8401-8406 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Miyake, H., Iizawa, Y., Baba, M. (2003). Novel Reporter T-Cell Line Highly Susceptible to Both CCR5- and CXCR4-Using Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Its Application to Drug Susceptibility Tests. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 2515-2521 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Abrahamyan, L. G., Markosyan, R. M., Moore, J. P., Cohen, F. S., Melikyan, G. B. (2003). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Env with an Intersubunit Disulfide Bond Engages Coreceptors but Requires Bond Reduction after Engagement To Induce Fusion. J. Virol. 77: 5829-5836 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tsamis, F., Gavrilov, S., Kajumo, F., Seibert, C., Kuhmann, S., Ketas, T., Trkola, A., Palani, A., Clader, J. W., Tagat, J. R., McCombie, S., Baroudy, B., Moore, J. P., Sakmar, T. P., Dragic, T. (2003). Analysis of the Mechanism by Which the Small-Molecule CCR5 Antagonists SCH-351125 and SCH-350581 Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry. J. Virol. 77: 5201-5208 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Moriuchi, M., Moriuchi, H. (2003). YY1 Transcription Factor Down-regulates Expression of CCR5, a Major Coreceptor for HIV-1. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 13003-13007 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Qin, X.-F., An, D. S., Chen, I. S. Y., Baltimore, D. (2003). Inhibiting HIV-1 infection in human T cells by lentiviral-mediated delivery of small interfering RNA against CCR5. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 183-188 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Willett, B. J., Cannon, C. A., Hosie, M. J. (2002). Expression of CXCR4 on Feline Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: Effect of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. J. Virol. 77: 709-712 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Humphreys, T. L., Schnizlein-Bick, C. T., Katz, B. P., Baldridge, L. A., Hood, A. F., Hromas, R. A., Spinola, S. M. (2002). Evolution of the Cutaneous Immune Response to Experimental Haemophilus ducreyi Infection and Its Relevance to HIV-1 Acquisition. J. Immunol. 169: 6316-6323 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lin, Y.-L., Mettling, C., Portales, P., Reynes, J., Clot, J., Corbeau, P. (2002). Cell surface CCR5 density determines the postentry efficiency of R5 HIV-1 infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 15590-15595 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chelli, M., Alizon, M. (2002). Rescue of HIV-1 Receptor Function through Cooperation between Different Forms of the CCR5 Chemokine Receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 39388-39396 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Basmaciogullari, S., Babcock, G. J., Van Ryk, D., Wojtowicz, W., Sodroski, J. (2002). Identification of Conserved and Variable Structures in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus gp120 Glycoprotein of Importance for CXCR4 Binding. J. Virol. 76: 10791-10800 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Engering, A., van Vliet, S. J., Geijtenbeek, T. B. H., van Kooyk, Y. (2002). Subset of DC-SIGN+ dendritic cells in human blood transmits HIV-1 to T lymphocytes. Blood 100: 1780-1786 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Clapham, P. R., McKnight, A. (2002). Cell surface receptors, virus entry and tropism of primate lentiviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 83: 1809-1829 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Corcione, A., Tortolina, G., Bonecchi, R., Battilana, N., Taborelli, G., Malavasi, F., Sozzani, S., Ottonello, L., Dallegri, F., Pistoia, V. (2002). Chemotaxis of human tonsil B lymphocytes to CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 1, CCR2 and CCR4 ligands is restricted to non-germinal center cells. Int Immunol 14: 883-892 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Peng, B., Voltan, R., Lim, L., Edghill-Smith, Y., Phogat, S., Dimitrov, D. S., Arora, K., Leno, M., Than, S., Woodward, R., Markham, P. D., Cranage, M., Robert-Guroff, M. (2002). Rhesus Macaque Resistance to Mucosal Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Is Associated with a Postentry Block in Viral Replication. J. Virol. 76: 6016-6026 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Keppler, O. T., Welte, F. J., Ngo, T. A., Chin, P. S., Patton, K. S., Tsou, C.-L., Abbey, N. W., Sharkey, M. E., Grant, R. M., You, Y., Scarborough, J. D., Ellmeier, W., Littman, D. R., Stevenson, M., Charo, I. F., Herndier, B. G., Speck, R. F., Goldsmith, M. A. (2002). Progress Toward a Human CD4/CCR5 Transgenic Rat Model for De Novo Infection by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. JEM 195: 719-736 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Naif, H. M., Cunningham, A. L., Alali, M., Li, S., Nasr, N., Buhler, M. M., Schols, D., de Clercq, E., Stewart, G. (2002). A Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate from an Infected Person Homozygous for CCR5{Delta}32 Exhibits Dual Tropism by Infecting Macrophages and MT2 Cells via CXCR4. J. Virol. 76: 3114-3124 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Abdi, R., Thi Bich Huong, T., Sahagun-Ruiz, A., Murphy, P. M., Brenner, B. M., Milford, E. L., McDermott, D. H. (2002). Chemokine Receptor Polymorphism and Risk of Acute Rejection in Human Renal Transplantation. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13: 754-758 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fukada, K., Sobao, Y., Tomiyama, H., Oka, S., Takiguchi, M. (2002). Functional Expression of the Chemokine Receptor CCR5 on Virus Epitope-Specific Memory and Effector CD8+ T Cells. J. Immunol. 168: 2225-2232 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ebert, L. M., McColl, S. R. (2002). Up-Regulation of CCR5 and CCR6 on Distinct Subpopulations of Antigen-Activated CD4+ T Lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 168: 65-72 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chelli, M., Alizon, M. (2001). Determinants of the trans-Dominant Negative Effect of Truncated Forms of the CCR5 Chemokine Receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 46975-46982 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Venkatesan, S., Petrovic, A., Locati, M., Kim, Y.-O., Weissman, D., Murphy, P. M. (2001). A Membrane-proximal Basic Domain and Cysteine Cluster in the C-terminal Tail of CCR5 Constitute a Bipartite Motif Critical for Cell Surface Expression. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 40133-40145 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lawn, S. D., Butera, S. T., Folks, T. M. (2001). Contribution of Immune Activation to the Pathogenesis and Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14: 753-777 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Taylor, J. R. Jr., Kimbrell, K. C., Scoggins, R., Delaney, M., Wu, L., Camerini, D. (2001). Expression and Function of Chemokine Receptors on Human Thymocytes: Implications for Infection by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol. 75: 8752-8760 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kreisberg, J. F., Kwa, D., Schramm, B., Trautner, V., Connor, R., Schuitemaker, H., Mullins, J. I., van't Wout, A. B., Goldsmith, M. A. (2001). Cytopathicity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolates Depends on Coreceptor Usage and Not Patient Disease Status. J. Virol. 75: 8842-8847 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mengozzi, M., Malipatlolla, M., De Rosa, S. C., Herzenberg, L. A., Herzenberg, L. A., Roederer, M. (2001). Naive CD4 T cells inhibit CD28-costimulated R5 HIV replication in memory CD4 T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 10.1073/pnas.211205098v1 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Overbaugh, J., Miller, A. D., Eiden, M. V. (2001). Receptors and Entry Cofactors for Retroviruses Include Single and Multiple Transmembrane-Spanning Proteins as well as Newly Described Glycophosphatidylinositol-Anchored and Secreted Proteins. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 65: 371-389 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hansasuta, P., Rowland-Jones, S. L (2001). HIV-1 transmission and acute HIV-1 infection. Br Med Bull 58: 109-127 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bouhlal, H., Hocini, H., Quillent-Gregoire, C., Donkova, V., Rose, S., Amara, A., Longhi, R., Haeffner-Cavaillon, N., Beretta, A., Kaveri, S. V., Kazatchkine, M. D. (2001). Antibodies to C-C Chemokine Receptor 5 in Normal Human IgG Block Infection of Macrophages and Lymphocytes with Primary R5-Tropic Strains of HIV-1. J. Immunol. 166: 7606-7611 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Thompson, S. D., Luyrink, L. K., Graham, T. B., Tsoras, M., Ryan, M., Passo, M. H., Glass, D. N. (2001). Chemokine Receptor CCR4 on CD4+ T Cells in Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fluid Defines a Subset of Cells with Increased IL-4:IFN-{{gamma}} mRNA Ratios. J. Immunol. 166: 6899-6906 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hogan, C. M., Hammer, S. M. (2001). Host Determinants in HIV Infection and Disease: Part 2: Genetic Factors and Implications for Antiretroviral Therapeutics. ANN INTERN MED 134: 978-996 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cotter, R. L., Zheng, J., Che, M., Niemann, D., Liu, Y., He, J., Thomas, E., Gendelman, H. E. (2001). Regulation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection, {beta}-Chemokine Production, and CCR5 Expression in CD40L-Stimulated Macrophages: Immune Control of Viral Entry. J. Virol. 75: 4308-4320 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Aquaro, S., Menten, P., Struyf, S., Proost, P., Van Damme, J., De Clercq, E., Schols, D. (2001). The LD78{beta} Isoform of MIP-1{alpha} Is the Most Potent CC-Chemokine in Inhibiting CCR5-Dependent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in Human Macrophages. J. Virol. 75: 4402-4406 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Martín, J., LaBranche, C. C., González-Scarano, F. (2001). Differential CD4/CCR5 Utilization, gp120 Conformation, and Neutralization Sensitivity between Envelopes from a Microglia-Adapted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Its Parental Isolate. J. Virol. 75: 3568-3580 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shioda, T., Nakayama, E. E., Tanaka, Y., Xin, X., Liu, H., Kawana-Tachikawa, A., Kato, A., Sakai, Y., Nagai, Y., Iwamoto, A. (2001). Naturally Occurring Deletional Mutation in the C-Terminal Cytoplasmic Tail of CCR5 Affects Surface Trafficking of CCR5. J. Virol. 75: 3462-3468 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Broussard, S. R., Staprans, S. I., White, R., Whitehead, E. M., Feinberg, M. B., Allan, J. S. (2001). Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Replicates to High Levels in Naturally Infected African Green Monkeys without Inducing Immunologic or Neurologic Disease. J. Virol. 75: 2262-2275 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bouhlal, H., Galon, J., Kazatchkine, M. D., Fridman, W.-H., Sautes-Fridman, C., Haeffner Cavaillon, N. (2001). Soluble CD16 Inhibits CR3 (CD11b/CD18)-Mediated Infection of Monocytes/Macrophages by Opsonized Primary R5 HIV-1. J. Immunol. 166: 3377-3383 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Trkola, A., Ketas, T. J., Nagashima, K. A., Zhao, L., Cilliers, T., Morris, L., Moore, J. P., Maddon, P. J., Olson, W. C. (2001). Potent, Broad-Spectrum Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by the CCR5 Monoclonal Antibody PRO 140. J. Virol. 75: 579-588 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sabbe, R., Picchio, G. R., Pastore, C., Chaloin, O., Hartley, O., Offord, R., Mosier, D. E. (2001). Donor- and Ligand-Dependent Differences in C-C Chemokine Receptor 5 Reexpression. J. Virol. 75: 661-671 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Campbell, J. J., Murphy, K. E., Kunkel, E. J., Brightling, C. E., Soler, D., Shen, Z., Boisvert, J., Greenberg, H. B., Vierra, M. A., Goodman, S. B., Genovese, M. C., Wardlaw, A. J., Butcher, E. C., Wu, L. (2001). CCR7 Expression and Memory T Cell Diversity in Humans. J. Immunol. 166: 877-884 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Grage-Griebenow, E., Flad, H.-D., Ernst, M. (2001). Heterogeneity of human peripheral blood monocyte subsets. J. Leukoc. Biol. 69: 11-20 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wu, P., Sugimoto, N. (2000). Transition characteristics and thermodynamic analysis of DNA duplex formation: a quantitative consideration for the extent of duplex association. Nucleic Acids Res 28: 4762-4768 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nanki, T., Lipsky, P. E. (2000). Lack of correlation between chemokine receptor and Th1/Th2 cytokine expression by individual memory T cells. Int Immunol 12: 1659-1667 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zaitseva, M., Lee, S., Lapham, C., Taffs, R., King, L., Romantseva, T., Manischewitz, J., Golding, H. (2000). Interferon gamma and interleukin 6 modulate the susceptibility of macrophages to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Blood 96: 3109-3117 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Juffermans, N. P., Paxton, W. A., Dekkers, P. E. P., Verbon, A., de Jonge, E., Speelman, P., van Deventer, S. J. H., van der Poll, T. (2000). Up-regulation of HIV coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5 on CD4+ T cells during human endotoxemia and after stimulation with (myco)bacterial antigens: the role of cytokines. Blood 96: 2649-2654 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dejucq, N. (2000). HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cell lines: the effects of adaptation on co-receptor use, tropism, and accessory gene function. J. Leukoc. Biol. 68: 331-337 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pierson, T., Hoffman, T. L., Blankson, J., Finzi, D., Chadwick, K., Margolick, J. B., Buck, C., Siliciano, J. D., Doms, R. W., Siliciano, R. F. (2000). Characterization of Chemokine Receptor Utilization of Viruses in the Latent Reservoir for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol. 74: 7824-7833 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Brandes, M., Legler, D. F., Spoerri, B., Schaerli, P., Moser, B. (2000). Activation-dependent modulation of B lymphocyte migration to chemokines. Int Immunol 12: 1285-1292 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shieh, B., Liau, Y.-E., Hsieh, P.-S., Yan, Y.-P., Wang, S.-T., Li, C. (2000). Influence of nucleotide polymorphisms in the CCR2 gene and the CCR5 promoter on the expression of cell surface CCR5 and CXCR4. Int Immunol 12: 1311-1318 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Blanpain, C., Lee, B., Tackoen, M., Puffer, B., Boom, A., Libert, F., Sharron, M., Wittamer, V., Vassart, G., Doms, R. W., Parmentier, M. (2000). Multiple nonfunctional alleles of CCR5 are frequent in various human populations. Blood 96: 1638-1645 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Proost, P., Menten, P., Struyf, S., Schutyser, E., De Meester, I., Van Damme, J. (2000). Cleavage by CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV converts the chemokine LD78beta into a most efficient monocyte attractant and CCR1 agonist. Blood 96: 1674-1680 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Moir, S., Malaspina, A., Li, Y., Chun, T.-W., Lowe, T., Adelsberger, J., Baseler, M., Ehler, L. A., Liu, S., Davey, R. T. , Jr., Mican, J. A. M., Fauci, A. S. (2000). B Cells of HIV-1-infected Patients Bind Virions through CD21-Complement Interactions and Transmit Infectious Virus to Activated T Cells. JEM 192: 637-646 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kuhmann, S. E., Platt, E. J., Kozak, S. L., Kabat, D. (2000). Cooperation of Multiple CCR5 Coreceptors Is Required for Infections by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol. 74: 7005-7015 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jones, D., O'Hara, C., Kraus, M. D., Perez-Atayde, A. R., Shahsafaei, A., Wu, L., Dorfman, D. M. (2000). Expression pattern of T-cell-associated chemokine receptors and their chemokines correlates with specific subtypes of T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 96: 685-690 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Liao, H.-X., Montefiori, D. C., Patel, D. D., Lee, D. M., Scott, W. K., Pericak-Vance, M., Haynes, B. F. (2000). Linkage of the CCR5{Delta}32 Mutation with a Functional Polymorphism of CD45RA. J. Immunol. 165: 148-157 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hornung, F., Scala, G., Lenardo, M. J. (2000). TNF-{alpha}-Induced Secretion of C-C Chemokines Modulates C-C Chemokine Receptor 5 Expression on Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 164: 6180-6187 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Giltay, E. J., Fonk, J. C. M., von Blomberg, B. M. E., Drexhage, H. A., Schalkwijk, C., Gooren, L. J. G. (2000). In Vivo Effects of Sex Steroids on Lymphocyte Responsiveness and Immunoglobulin Levels in Humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85: 1648-1657 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lopalco, L., Barassi, C., Pastori, C., Longhi, R., Burastero, S. E., Tambussi, G., Mazzotta, F., Lazzarin, A., Clerici, M., Siccardi, A. G. (2000). CCR5-Reactive Antibodies in Seronegative Partners of HIV-Seropositive Individuals Down-Modulate Surface CCR5 In Vivo and Neutralize the Infectivity of R5 Strains of HIV-1 In Vitro. J. Immunol. 164: 3426-3433 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Franchin, G., Zybarth, G., Dai, W. W., Dubrovsky, L., Reiling, N., Schmidtmayerova, H., Bukrinsky, M., Sherry, B. (2000). Lipopolysaccharide Inhibits HIV-1 Infection of Monocyte- Derived Macrophages Through Direct and Sustained Down-Regulation of CC Chemokine Receptor 5. J. Immunol. 164: 2592-2601 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zhang, G X, Baker, C M, Kolson, D L, Rostami, A M (2000). Chemokines and chemokine receptors in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 6: 3-13 [Abstract]  
• Steinberger, P., Andris-Widhopf, J., Buhler, B., Torbett, B. E., Barbas, C. F. III (2000). Functional deletion of the CCR5 receptor by intracellular immunization produces cells that are refractory to CCR5-dependent HIV-1 infection and cell fusion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 805-810 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shieh, J. T. C., Martín, J., Baltuch, G., Malim, M. H., González-Scarano, F. (2000). Determinants of Syncytium Formation in Microglia by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Role of the V1/V2 Domains. J. Virol. 74: 693-701 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Blanpain, C., Doranz, B. J., Vakili, J., Rucker, J., Govaerts, C., Baik, S. S. W., Lorthioir, O., Migeotte, I., Libert, F., Baleux, F., Vassart, G., Doms, R. W., Parmentier, M. (1999). Multiple Charged and Aromatic Residues in CCR5 Amino-terminal Domain Are Involved in High Affinity Binding of Both Chemokines and HIV-1 Env Protein. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 34719-34727 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kostrikis, L. G., Neumann, A. U., Thomson, B., Korber, B. T., McHardy, P., Karanicolas, R., Deutsch, L., Huang, Y., Lew, J. F., McIntosh, K., Pollack, H., Borkowsky, W., Spiegel, H. M. L., Palumbo, P., Oleske, J., Bardeguez, A., Luzuriaga, K., Sullivan, J., Wolinsky, S. M., Koup, R. A., Ho, D. D., Moore, J. P. (1999). A Polymorphism in the Regulatory Region of the CC-Chemokine Receptor 5 Gene Influences Perinatal Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 to African-American Infants. J. Virol. 73: 10264-10271 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Home | Help | Feedback | Subscriptions | Archive | Search

TABLE OF CONTENTS