J. Exp. Med.
© The Rockefeller University Press
0022-1007/97/02/579/04 $2.00
Volume 185 February 1997 579-582

BRIEF DEFINITIVE REPORT:
Purinergic Modulation of Interleukin-1 Release from Microglial Cells Stimulated with Bacterial Endotoxin

By Davide Ferrari,^* Paola Chiozzi,^* Simonetta Falzoni,^* Stefania Hanau,^§ and Francesco Di  Virgilio^*

From the ^* Institute of General Pathology,  Center of Biotechnology, ^§ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara Italy

Microglial cells express a peculiar plasma membrane receptor for extracellular ATP, named P2Z/P2X₇ purinergic receptor, that triggers massive transmembrane ion fluxes and a reversible permeabilization of the plasma membrane to hydrophylic molecules of up to 900 dalton molecule weight and eventual cell death (Di Virgilio, F. 1995. Immunol. Today. 16:524-528). The physiological role of this newly cloned (Surprenant, A., F. Rassendren, E. Kawashima, R.A. North and G. Buell. 1996. Science (Wash. DC). 272:735-737) cytolytic receptor is unknown. In vitro and in vivo activation of the macrophage and microglial cell P2Z/P2X₇ receptor by exogenous ATP causes a large and rapid release of mature IL-1. In the present report we investigated the role of microglial P2Z/P2X₇ receptor in IL-1 release triggered by LPS. Our data suggest that LPS-dependent IL-1 release involves activation of this purinergic receptor as it is inhibited by the selective P2Z/P2X₇ blocker oxidized ATP and modulated by ATP-hydrolyzing enzymes such as apyrase or hexokinase. Furthermore, microglial cells release ATP when stimulated with LPS. LPS-dependent release of ATP is also observed in monocyte-derived human macrophages. It is suggested that bacterial endotoxin activates an autocrine/paracrine loop that drives ATP-dependent IL-1 secretion.

CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Song, K. S., Kim, H. J., Kim, K., Lee, J. G., Yoon, J.-H. (2009). Regulator of G-Protein Signaling 4 Suppresses LPS-Induced MUC5AC Overproduction in the Airway. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio. 41: 40-49 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sanz, J. M., Chiozzi, P., Ferrari, D., Colaianna, M., Idzko, M., Falzoni, S., Fellin, R., Trabace, L., Di Virgilio, F. (2009). Activation of Microglia by Amyloid {beta} Requires P2X7 Receptor Expression. J. Immunol. 182: 4378-4385 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Monif, M., Reid, C. A., Powell, K. L., Smart, M. L., Williams, D. A. (2009). The P2X7 Receptor Drives Microglial Activation and Proliferation: A Trophic Role for P2X7R Pore. J. Neurosci. 29: 3781-3791 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Netea, M. G., Nold-Petry, C. A., Nold, M. F., Joosten, L. A. B., Opitz, B., van der Meer, J. H. M., van de Veerdonk, F. L., Ferwerda, G., Heinhuis, B., Devesa, I., Funk, C. J., Mason, R. J., Kullberg, B. J., Rubartelli, A., van der Meer, J. W. M., Dinarello, C. A. (2009). Differential requirement for the activation of the inflammasome for processing and release of IL-1{beta} in monocytes and macrophages. Blood 113: 2324-2335 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• McClenahan, D., Hillenbrand, K., Kapur, A., Carlton, D., Czuprynski, C. (2009). Effects of Extracellular ATP on Bovine Lung Endothelial and Epithelial Cell Monolayer Morphologies, Apoptoses, and Permeabilities. CVI 16: 43-48 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ulmann, L., Hatcher, J. P., Hughes, J. P., Chaumont, S., Green, P. J., Conquet, F., Buell, G. N., Reeve, A. J., Chessell, I. P., Rassendren, F. (2008). Up-Regulation of P2X4 Receptors in Spinal Microglia after Peripheral Nerve Injury Mediates BDNF Release and Neuropathic Pain. J. Neurosci. 28: 11263-11268 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Latremoliere, A., Mauborgne, A., Masson, J., Bourgoin, S., Kayser, V., Hamon, M., Pohl, M. (2008). Differential Implication of Proinflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-6 in the Development of Cephalic versus Extracephalic Neuropathic Pain in Rats. J. Neurosci. 28: 8489-8501 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Myrtek, D., Muller, T., Geyer, V., Derr, N., Ferrari, D., Zissel, G., Durk, T., Sorichter, S., Luttmann, W., Kuepper, M., Norgauer, J., Di Virgilio, F., Virchow, J. C. Jr, Idzko, M. (2008). Activation of Human Alveolar Macrophages via P2 Receptors: Coupling to Intracellular Ca2+ Increases and Cytokine Secretion. J. Immunol. 181: 2181-2188 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Piccini, A., Carta, S., Tassi, S., Lasiglie, D., Fossati, G., Rubartelli, A. (2008). ATP is released by monocytes stimulated with pathogen-sensing receptor ligands and induces IL-1{beta} and IL-18 secretion in an autocrine way. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 8067-8072 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Christenson, K., Bjorkman, L., Tangemo, C., Bylund, J. (2008). Serum amyloid A inhibits apoptosis of human neutrophils via a P2X7-sensitive pathway independent of formyl peptide receptor-like 1. J. Leukoc. Biol. 83: 139-148 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Csoka, B., Nemeth, Z. H., Virag, L., Gergely, P., Leibovich, S. J., Pacher, P., Sun, C.-X., Blackburn, M. R., Vizi, E. S., Deitch, E. A., Hasko, G. (2007). A2A adenosine receptors and C/EBP{beta} are crucially required for IL-10 production by macrophages exposed to Escherichia coli. Blood 110: 2685-2695 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Thacker, M. A., Clark, A. K., Marchand, F., McMahon, S. B. (2007). Pathophysiology of Peripheral Neuropathic Pain: Immune Cells and Molecules. Anesth. Analg. 105: 838-847 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Borsellino, G., Kleinewietfeld, M., Di Mitri, D., Sternjak, A., Diamantini, A., Giometto, R., Hopner, S., Centonze, D., Bernardi, G., Dell'Acqua, M. L., Rossini, P. M., Battistini, L., Rotzschke, O., Falk, K. (2007). Expression of ectonucleotidase CD39 by Foxp3+ Treg cells: hydrolysis of extracellular ATP and immune suppression. Blood 110: 1225-1232 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kukulski, F., Ben Yebdri, F., Lefebvre, J., Warny, M., Tessier, P. A., Sevigny, J. (2007). Extracellular nucleotides mediate LPS-induced neutrophil migration in vitro and in vivo. J. Leukoc. Biol. 81: 1269-1275 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pizzirani, C., Ferrari, D., Chiozzi, P., Adinolfi, E., Sandona, D., Savaglio, E., Di Virgilio, F. (2007). Stimulation of P2 receptors causes release of IL-1{beta}-loaded microvesicles from human dendritic cells. Blood 109: 3856-3864 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Brough, D., Rothwell, N. J. (2007). Caspase-1-dependent processing of pro-interleukin-1beta is cytosolic and precedes cell death. J. Cell Sci. 120: 772-781 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stock, C., Schilling, T., Schwab, A., Eder, C. (2006). Lysophosphatidylcholine Stimulates IL-1beta Release from Microglia via a P2X7 Receptor-Independent Mechanism. J. Immunol. 177: 8560-8568 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ren, Y., Zou, X., Fang, L., Lin, Q. (2006). Involvement of Peripheral Purinoceptors in Sympathetic Modulation of Capsaicin-Induced Sensitization of Primary Afferent Fibers. J. Neurophysiol. 96: 2207-2216 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ferrari, D., Pizzirani, C., Adinolfi, E., Lemoli, R. M., Curti, A., Idzko, M., Panther, E., Di Virgilio, F. (2006). The P2X7 Receptor: A Key Player in IL-1 Processing and Release. J. Immunol. 176: 3877-3883 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chen, L., Brosnan, C. F. (2006). Exacerbation of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in P2X7R-/- Mice: Evidence for Loss of Apoptotic Activity in Lymphocytes.. J. Immunol. 176: 3115-3126 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Raffaghello, L., Chiozzi, P., Falzoni, S., Di Virgilio, F., Pistoia, V. (2006). The P2X7 Receptor Sustains the Growth of Human Neuroblastoma Cells through a Substance P-Dependent Mechanism. Cancer Res. 66: 907-914 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ferrari, D., la Sala, A., Panther, E., Norgauer, J., Di Virgilio, F., Idzko, M. (2006). Activation of human eosinophils via P2 receptors: novel findings and future perspectives. J. Leukoc. Biol. 79: 7-15 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pellegatti, P., Falzoni, S., Pinton, P., Rizzuto, R., Di Virgilio, F. (2005). A Novel Recombinant Plasma Membrane-targeted Luciferase Reveals a New Pathway for ATP Secretion. Mol. Biol. Cell 16: 3659-3665 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Caraccio, N., Monzani, F., Santini, E., Cuccato, S., Ferrari, D., Callegari, M. G., Gulinelli, S., Pizzirani, C., Di Virgilio, F., Ferrannini, E., Solini, A. (2005). Extracellular Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate Modulates Interleukin-6 Production by Human Thyrocytes through Functional Purinergic P2 Receptors. Endocrinology 146: 3172-3178 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sylte, M. J., Kuckleburg, C. J., Inzana, T. J., Bertics, P. J., Czuprynski, C. J. (2005). Stimulation of P2X receptors enhances lipooligosaccharide-mediated apoptosis of endothelial cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 77: 958-965 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Denlinger, L. C., Angelini, G., Schell, K., Green, D. N., Guadarrama, A. G., Prabhu, U., Coursin, D. B., Bertics, P. J., Hogan, K. (2005). Detection of Human P2X7 Nucleotide Receptor Polymorphisms by a Novel Monocyte Pore Assay Predictive of Alterations in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine Production. J. Immunol. 174: 4424-4431 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Le, Y., Iribarren, P., Gong, W., Cui, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, J. M. (2004). TGF-{beta}1 Disrupts Endotoxin Signaling in Microglial Cells through Smad3 and MAPK Pathways. J. Immunol. 173: 962-968 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Aga, M., Watters, J. J., Pfeiffer, Z. A., Wiepz, G. J., Sommer, J. A., Bertics, P. J. (2004). Evidence for nucleotide receptor modulation of cross talk between MAP kinase and NF-{kappa}B signaling pathways in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 286: C923-C930 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Suzuki, T., Hide, I., Ido, K., Kohsaka, S., Inoue, K., Nakata, Y. (2004). Production and Release of Neuroprotective Tumor Necrosis Factor by P2X7 Receptor-Activated Microglia. J. Neurosci. 24: 1-7 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gudipaty, L., Munetz, J., Verhoef, P. A., Dubyak, G. R. (2003). Essential role for Ca2+ in regulation of IL-1{beta} secretion by P2X7 nucleotide receptor in monocytes, macrophages, and HEK-293 cells. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 285: C286-C299 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Morelli, A., Chiozzi, P., Chiesa, A., Ferrari, D., Sanz, J. M., Falzoni, S., Pinton, P., Rizzuto, R., Olson, M. F., Di Virgilio, F. (2003). Extracellular ATP Causes ROCK I-dependent Bleb Formation in P2X7-transfected HEK293 Cells. Mol. Biol. Cell 14: 2655-2664 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Brough, D., Le Feuvre, R. A., Wheeler, R. D., Solovyova, N., Hilfiker, S., Rothwell, N. J., Verkhratsky, A. (2003). Ca2+ Stores and Ca2+ Entry Differentially Contribute to the Release of IL-1{beta} and IL-1{alpha} from Murine Macrophages. J. Immunol. 170: 3029-3036 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• la Sala, A., Ferrari, D., Di Virgilio, F., Idzko, M., Norgauer, J., Girolomoni, G. (2003). Alerting and tuning the immune response by extracellular nucleotides. J. Leukoc. Biol. 73: 339-343 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• North, R. A. (2002). Molecular Physiology of P2X Receptors. Physiol. Rev. 82: 1013-1067 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Idzko, M., Dichmann, S., Ferrari, D., Di Virgilio, F., la Sala, A., Girolomoni, G., Panther, E., Norgauer, J. (2002). Nucleotides induce chemotaxis and actin polymerization in immature but not mature human dendritic cells via activation of pertussis toxin-sensitive P2y receptors. Blood 100: 925-932 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Into, T., Fujita, M., Okusawa, T., Hasebe, A., Morita, M., Shibata, K.-I. (2002). Synergic Effects of Mycoplasmal Lipopeptides and Extracellular ATP on Activation of Macrophages. Infect. Immun. 70: 3586-3591 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Aga, M., Johnson, C. J., Hart, A. P., Guadarrama, A. G., Suresh, M., Svaren, J., Bertics, P. J., Darien, B. J. (2002). Modulation of monocyte signaling and pore formation in response to agonists of the nucleotide receptor P2X7. J. Leukoc. Biol. 72: 222-232 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chakfe, Y., Seguin, R., Antel, J. P., Morissette, C., Malo, D., Henderson, D., Seguela, P. (2002). ADP and AMP Induce Interleukin-1beta Release from Microglial Cells through Activation of ATP-Primed P2X7 Receptor Channels. J. Neurosci. 22: 3061-3069 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• la Sala, A., Sebastiani, S., Ferrari, D., Di Virgilio, F., Idzko, M., Norgauer, J., Girolomoni, G. (2002). Dendritic cells exposed to extracellular adenosine triphosphate acquire the migratory properties of mature cells and show a reduced capacity to attract type 1 T lymphocytes. Blood 99: 1715-1722 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cui, Y.-H., Le, Y., Gong, W., Proost, P., Van Damme, J., Murphy, W. J., Wang, J. M. (2002). Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Selectively Up-Regulates the Function of the Chemotactic Peptide Receptor Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 in Murine Microglial Cells. J. Immunol. 168: 434-442 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• John, G. R., Simpson, J. E., Woodroofe, M. N., Lee, S. C., Brosnan, C. F. (2001). Extracellular Nucleotides Differentially Regulate Interleukin-1{beta} Signaling in Primary Human Astrocytes: Implications for Inflammatory Gene Expression. J. Neurosci. 21: 4134-4142 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Markaryan, A., Zaborina, O., Punj, V., Chakrabarty, A. M. (2001). Adenylate Kinase as a Virulence Factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Bacteriol. 183: 3345-3352 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Honda, S., Sasaki, Y., Ohsawa, K., Imai, Y., Nakamura, Y., Inoue, K., Kohsaka, S. (2001). Extracellular ATP or ADP Induce Chemotaxis of Cultured Microglia through Gi/o-Coupled P2Y Receptors. J. Neurosci. 21: 1975-1982 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Khakh, B. S., Burnstock, G., Kennedy, C., King, B. F., North, R. A., Seguela, P., Voigt, M., Humphrey, P. P. A. (2001). International Union of Pharmacology. XXIV. Current Status of the Nomenclature and Properties of P2X Receptors and Their Subunits. Pharmacol. Rev. 53: 107-118 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Di Virgilio, F., Chiozzi, P., Ferrari, D., Falzoni, S., Sanz, J. M., Morelli, A., Torboli, M., Bolognesi, G., Baricordi, O. R. (2001). Nucleotide receptors: an emerging family of regulatory molecules in blood cells. Blood 97: 587-600 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Coutinho-Silva, R., Perfettini, J.-L., Persechini, P. M., Dautry-Varsat, A., Ojcius, D. M. (2001). Modulation of P2Z/P2X7 receptor activity in macrophages infected with Chlamydia psittaci. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 280: C81-C89 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Beigi, R. D., Dubyak, G. R. (2000). Endotoxin Activation of Macrophages Does Not Induce ATP Release and Autocrine Stimulation of P2 Nucleotide Receptors. J. Immunol. 165: 7189-7198 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• FERRARI, D., LA SALA, A., CHIOZZI, P., MORELLI, A., FALZONI, S., GIROLOMONI, G., IDZKO, M., DICHMANN, S., NORGAUER, J., DI VIRGILIO, F. (2000). The P2 purinergic receptors of human dendritic cells: identification and coupling to cytokine release. FASEB J. 14: 2466-2476 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Perregaux, D. G., McNiff, P., Laliberte, R., Conklyn, M., Gabel, C. A. (2000). ATP Acts as an Agonist to Promote Stimulus-Induced Secretion of IL-1{beta} and IL-18 in Human Blood. J. Immunol. 165: 4615-4623 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schnurr, M., Then, F., Galambos, P., Scholz, C., Siegmund, B., Endres, S., Eigler, A. (2000). Extracellular ATP and TNF-{alpha} Synergize in the Activation and Maturation of Human Dendritic Cells. J. Immunol. 165: 4704-4709 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zaborina, O., Dhiman, N., Ling Chen, M., Kostal, J., Holder, I. A., Chakrabarty, A. M. (2000). Secreted products of a nonmucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain induce two modes of macrophage killing: external-ATP-dependent, P2Z-receptor-mediated necrosis and ATP-independent, caspase-mediated apoptosis. Microbiology 146: 2521-2530 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Punj, V., Zaborina, O., Dhiman, N., Falzari, K., Bagdasarian, M., Chakrabarty, A. M. (2000). Phagocytic Cell Killing Mediated by Secreted Cytotoxic Factors of Vibrio cholerae. Infect. Immun. 68: 4930-4937 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Falzoni, S., Chiozzi, P., Ferrari, D., Buell, G., Di Virgilio, F. (2000). P2X7 Receptor and Polykarion Formation. Mol. Biol. Cell 11: 3169-3176 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Liu, J. S. H., John, G. R., Sikora, A., Lee, S. C., Brosnan, C. F. (2000). Modulation of Interleukin-1beta and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha Signaling by P2 Purinergic Receptors in Human Fetal Astrocytes. J. Neurosci. 20: 5292-5299 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sanz, J. M., Virgilio, F. D. (2000). Kinetics and Mechanism of ATP-Dependent IL-1{beta} Release from Microglial Cells. J. Immunol. 164: 4893-4898 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dichmann, S., Idzko, M., Zimpfer, U., Hofmann, C., Ferrari, D., Luttmann, W., Virchow, C. Jr, Di Virgilio, F., Norgauer, J. (2000). Adenosine triphosphate-induced oxygen radical production and CD11b up-regulation: Ca++ mobilization and actin reorganization in human eosinophils. Blood 95: 973-978 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Balboa, M. A., Balsinde, J., Johnson, C. A., Dennis, E. A. (1999). Regulation of Arachidonic Acid Mobilization in Lipopolysaccharide-activated P388D1 Macrophages by Adenosine Triphosphate. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 36764-36768 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zaborina, O., Misra, N., Kostal, J., Kamath, S., Kapatral, V., El-Idrissi, M. E.-A., Prabhakar, B. S., Chakrabarty, A. M. (1999). P2Z-Independent and P2Z Receptor-Mediated Macrophage Killing by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Cystic Fibrosis Patients. Infect. Immun. 67: 5231-5242 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Visentin, S., Renzi, M., Frank, C., Greco, A., Levi, G. (1999). Two different ionotropic receptors are activated by ATP in rat microglia. J. Physiol. 519: 723-736 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Andrei, C., Dazzi, C., Lotti, L., Torrisi, M. R., Chimini, G., Rubartelli, A. (1999). The Secretory Route of the Leaderless Protein Interleukin 1beta Involves Exocytosis of Endolysosome-related Vesicles. Mol. Biol. Cell 10: 1463-1475 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Grafe, P., Mayer, C., Takigawa, T., Kamleiter, M., Sanchez-Brandelik, R. (1999). Confocal calcium imaging reveals an ionotropic P2 nucleotide receptor in the paranodal membrane of rat Schwann cells. J. Physiol. 515: 377-383 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sommer, J.A., Fisette, P.L., Hu, Y., Denlinger, L.C., Guerra, A.N., Bertics, P.J., Proctor, R.A. (1999). Purinergic receptor modulation of LPS-stimulated signaling events and nitric oxide release in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Innate Immunity 5: 70-74 [Abstract]  
• Buell, G., Chessell, I.P., Michel, A.D., Collo, G., Salazzo, M., Herren, S., Gretener, D., Grahames, C., Kaur, R., Kosco-Vilbois, M.H., Humphrey, P.P.A. (1998). Blockade of Human P2X7 Receptor Function With a Monoclonal Antibody. Blood 92: 3521-3528 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hu, Y., Fisette, P. L., Denlinger, L. C., Guadarrama, A. G., Sommer, J. A., Proctor, R. A., Bertics, P. J. (1998). Purinergic Receptor Modulation of Lipopolysaccharide Signaling and Inducible Nitric-oxide Synthase Expression in RAW 264.7 Macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 27170-27175 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cario-Toumaniantz, C., Loirand, G., Ferrier, L., Pacaud, P. (1998). Non-genomic inhibition of human P2X7 purinoceptor by 17{beta}-oestradiol. J. Physiol. 508: 659-666 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ferrari, D., Wesselborg, S., Bauer, M. K.A., Schulze-Osthoff, K. (1997). Extracellular ATP Activates Transcription Factor NF-kappa B through the P2Z Purinoreceptor by Selectively Targeting NF-kappa B p65 (RelA). JCB 139: 1635-1643 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chiozzi, P., Sanz, J. M., Ferrari, D., Falzoni, S., Aleotti, A., Buell, G. N., Collo, G., Virgilio, F. D. (1997). Spontaneous Cell Fusion in Macrophage Cultures Expressing High Levels of the P2Z/P2X7 Receptor. JCB 138: 697-706 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mehta, V. B., Hart, J., Wewers, M. D. (2001). ATP-stimulated Release of Interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18 Requires Priming by Lipopolysaccharide and Is Independent of Caspase-1 Cleavage. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 3820-3826 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kim, M., Spelta, V., Sim, J., North, R. A., Surprenant, A. (2001). Differential Assembly of Rat Purinergic P2X7 Receptor in Immune Cells of the Brain and Periphery. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 23262-23267 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Warny, M., Aboudola, S., Robson, S. C., Sevigny, J., Communi, D., Soltoff, S. P., Kelly, C. P. (2001). P2Y6 Nucleotide Receptor Mediates Monocyte Interleukin-8 Production in Response to UDP or Lipopolysaccharide. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 26051-26056 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Home | Help | Feedback | Subscriptions | Archive | Search

TABLE OF CONTENTS