© The Rockefeller University Press, 0022-1007/1997/2/531/ $5.00
The Journal of Experimental Medicine, Volume 185, Number 3, February 3, 1997 531-540
Interferon-
Is Essential for Destruction of β Cells and Development of Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Matthias G. von Herrath and
Michael B.A. Oldstone
From The Scripps Research Institute, Division of Virology, Department of Neuropharmacology, La Jolla, California 92037
Autoimmune mediated destruction of β cells of the islets of Langerhans leads to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Rat insulin promoter (RIP) lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) transgenic mice that express the nucleoprotein (NP) or glycoprotein (GP) of LCMV under control of the RIP in their β cells develop IDDM after infection with LCMV and serve as a model for virus-induced IDDM. Recently, Kagi et al. (Kagi, D., B. Odermatt, P. Ohashi, R.M. Zinkernagel, and H. Hengartner. 1996. J. Exp. Med. 183:2143–2149) showed, using RIP LCMV perforin-deficient mice, that IDDM does not occur in the absence of perforin. They concluded that perforin-mediated killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is the main factor needed for β cell injury and destruction. Here we provide evidence that killing of β cells is more complex and multifactorial. By the use of our RIP LCMV model, we show that in perforin competent but interferon-
(IFN-
)–deficient mice, β cell injury is limited and IDDM does not occur. For these studies, double transgenic mice were generated that were genetically deficient in the production of IFN-
and express LCMV NP or GP in their β cells. In such mice, IDDM was aborted despite the generation of LCMV-specific antiself CTLs that displayed normal cytolytic activity in vitro and in vivo and entered the pancreas. However, mononuclear infiltration into the islets did not occur, and upregulation of class I and II molecules usually found in islets of RIP LCMV single transgenic mice after LCMV infection preceding the onset of clinical IDDM was not present in these bigenic mice. Our findings indicate that in addition to perforin, β cell destruction, development of insulitis, and IDDM also depend on the cytokine INF-
, presumably through enhancement of major histocompatibility complex expression and antigen presentation.
Address correspondence to Dr. Matthias G. von Herrath, Division of Virology, Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037.
This work was supported by United States Public Health Service grant AG04342 to M.B.A. Oldstone and National Institutes of Health grant DK995005 and a Career Development Award of the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International to Matthias G. von Herrath.
1Abbreviations used in this paper: ARM, Armstrong; GP, glycoprotein; IDDM, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; LCMV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; NOD, nonobese diabetic; NP, nucleoprotein; RIP, rat insulin promoter; tg, transgenic.

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