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From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107

A somatic process introduces mutations into antibody variable (V) region genes at a high rate in many vertebrates, and is a major source of antibody diversity. The mechanism of this hypermutation process remains enigmatic, although retrospective studies and transgenic experiments have recently suggested a role for transcriptional regulatory elements. Here, we demonstrate that mouse heavy (H) chain loci in which the natural V_H promoter has been replaced by a heterologous promoter undergo hypermutation. However, while the distribution of mutation in such loci appears normal, the frequency of mutation does not. Conversely, moving the V_H promoter 750 bp upstream of its normal location results in a commensurate change in the site specificity of hypermutation in H chain loci, and the foreign DNA inserted into the V_H leader intron to produce this promoter displacement is hypermutated in a manner indistinguishable from natural Ig DNA. These data establish a direct mechanistic link between the IgH transcription and hypermutation processes.

This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (AI23739) and the Council for Tobacco Research (3763). K. Tumas-Brundage was supported by a National Institutes of Health training grant (CA09683).

¹Abbreviations used in this paper: Ars, arsonate; V, variable.

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