Heterogeneity of intracellular cytokine synthesis at the single-cell level in polarized T helper 1 and T helper 2 populations

doi:10.1084/jem.182.5.1357

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Heterogeneity of intracellular cytokine synthesis at the single-cell level in polarized T helper 1 and T helper 2 populations

P Openshaw, EE Murphy, NA Hosken, V Maino, K Davis, K Murphy and A O'Garra
DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, California 94304-1104, USA.

CD4+ T helper (Th) cells can be classified into different types based on their cytokine profile. Cells with these polarized patterns of cytokine production have been termed Th1 and Th2, and can be distinguished functionally by the production of IFN-gamma and IL-4, respectively. These phenotypes are crucial in determining the type of immune response that develops after antigen priming. There are no surface markers that define them, and cytokine immunoassay or mRNA analysis both have limitations for characterization of single cells. Using immunofluorescent detection of intracellular IFN-gamma and IL-4, we have studied the emergence of Th1 and Th2 cells in response to antigen exposure and the patterns of cytokine synthesis in established T cell clones. IFN-gamma production by Th1 clones was detectable in almost all cells by 4 h, and it continued in most cells for > 24 h. IL- 4 production in Th2 cells peaked at 4 h, but declined rapidly. In Th0 cells containing both cytokines, fewer cells produced IFN-gamma, which did not appear until IL-4 synthesis declined. Cocultivation of clones showed no such cross-regulation. Antigen stimulation of transgenic T cells expressing an ovalbumin-specific T cell receptor generated Th2 cells, probably as a result of endogenous IL-4 production. Addition of IL-12 and/or anti-IL-4 caused Th1 cells to develop, while some Th0 cells were seen when IL-12 alone was added. These results show that stimulation in the presence of polarizing stimuli results in cells producing either IFN-gamma or IL-4, but that coproduction can occur in rare cells under defined conditions.
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Hume, D. A. (2000). Probability in transcriptional regulation and its implications for leukocyte differentiation and inducible gene expression. Blood 96: 2323-2328 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Smith, K. M., Pottage, L., Thomas, E. R., Leishman, A. J., Doig, T. N., Xu, D., Liew, F. Y., Garside, P. (2000). Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T Cells Provide Help for B Cell Clonal Expansion and Antibody Synthesis in a Similar Manner In Vivo. J. Immunol. 165: 3136-3144 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Gillespie, G. M. A., Wills, M. R., Appay, V., O'Callaghan, C., Murphy, M., Smith, N., Sissons, P., Rowland-Jones, S., Bell, J. I., Moss, P. A. H. (2000). Functional Heterogeneity and High Frequencies of Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD8+ T Lymphocytes in Healthy Seropositive Donors. J. Virol. 74: 8140-8150 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Wells, A. D., Walsh, M. C., Sankaran, D., Turka, L. A. (2000). T Cell Effector Function and Anergy Avoidance Are Quantitatively Linked to Cell Division. J. Immunol. 165: 2432-2443 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Saegusa, K., Ishimaru, N., Yanagi, K., Haneji, N., Nishino, M., Azuma, M., Saito, I., Hayashi, Y. (2000). Autoantigen-Specific CD4+CD28low T Cell Subset Prevents Autoimmune Exocrinopathy in Murine Sjogren's Syndrome. J. Immunol. 165: 2251-2257 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Tanaka, H., Demeure, C. E., Rubio, M., Delespesse, G., Sarfati, M. (2000). Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Induce Naive T Cell Differentiation into T Helper Cell Type 2 (Th2) or Th1/Th2 Effectors: Role of Stimulator/Responder Ratio. JEM 192: 405-412 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Bukreyev, A., Whitehead, S. S., Prussin, C., Murphy, B. R., Collins, P. L. (2000). Effect of Coexpression of Interleukin-2 by Recombinant Respiratory Syncytial Virus on Virus Replication, Immunogenicity, and Production of Other Cytokines. J. Virol. 74: 7151-7157 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Heeger, P. S., Valujskikh, A., Lehmann23, P. V. (2000). Comprehensive Assessment of Determinant Specificity, Frequency, and Cytokine Signature of the Primed CD8 Cell Repertoire Induced by a Minor Transplantation Antigen. J. Immunol. 165: 1278-1284 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Park, A. Y., Hondowicz, B. D., Scott, P. (2000). IL-12 Is Required to Maintain a Th1 Response During Leishmania major Infection. J. Immunol. 165: 896-902 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Appay, V., Nixon, D. F., Donahoe, S. M., Gillespie, G. M.A., Dong, T., King, A., Ogg, G. S., Spiegel, H. M.L., Conlon, C., Spina, C. A., Havlir, D. V., Richman, D. D., Waters, A., Easterbrook, P., McMichael, A. J., Rowland-Jones, S. L. (2000). HIV-Specific Cd8+ T Cells Produce Antiviral Cytokines but Are Impaired in Cytolytic Function. JEM 192: 63-76 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Maloy, K. J., Burkhart, C., Junt, T. M., Odermatt, B., Oxenius, A., Piali, L., Zinkernagel, R. M., Hengartner, H. (2000). Cd4+ T Cell Subsets during Virus Infection: Protective Capacity Depends on Effector Cytokine Secretion and on Migratory Capability. JEM 191: 2159-2170 [Abstract] [Full Text]
López, M. C., Stanley, M. A. (2000). Cytokine profile of draining lymph node lymphocytes in mice grafted with syngeneic keratinocytes expressing human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein. J. Gen. Virol. 81: 1175-1182 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Nanan, R., Rauch, A., Kämpgen, E., Niewiesk, S., Kreth, H. W. (2000). A novel sensitive approach for frequency analysis of measles virus-specific memory T-lymphocytes in healthy adults with a childhood history of natural measles. J. Gen. Virol. 81: 1313-1319 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Merica, R., Khoruts, A., Pape, K. A., Reinhardt, R. L., Jenkins, M. K. (2000). Antigen-Experienced CD4 T Cells Display a Reduced Capacity for Clonal Expansion In Vivo That Is Imposed by Factors Present in the Immune Host. J. Immunol. 164: 4551-4557 [Abstract] [Full Text]