CD4+ effector cells default to the Th2 pathway in interferon gamma- deficient mice infected with Leishmania major

doi:10.1084/jem.179.4.1367

This Article

Full Text (PDF, 672K)

Alert me when this article is cited

Citation Map

Services

Email this article

Similar articles in this journal

Similar articles in PubMed

Alert me to new content in the JEM

Download to citation manager

Citing Articles

Citing Articles via HighWire

Citing Articles via CrossRef

Citing Articles via Google Scholar

Google Scholar

Articles by Wang, Z. E.

Articles by Locksley, R. M.

Search for Related Content

PubMed

PubMed Citation

Articles by Wang, Z. E.

Articles by Locksley, R. M.

Pubmed/NCBI databases

Medline Plus Health Information
Gene	GEO Profiles
HomoloGene	UniGene
Substance via MeSH
Leishmaniasis

Social Bookmarking

What's this?

ARTICLES

CD4+ effector cells default to the Th2 pathway in interferon gamma- deficient mice infected with Leishmania major

ZE Wang, SL Reiner, S Zheng, DK Dalton and RM Locksley
Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco 94143.

Mice with homologous disruption of the interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) gene on the C57BL/6 background were infected with Leishmania major and the immune response assessed. In contrast to wild-type or heterozygous knockout mice, deficient animals were unable to restrict growth of the parasite and suffered lethal infection over 6-8 wk. Although wild-type and heterozygous littermates developed CD4+ cells that contained transcripts for IFN-gamma and lymphotoxin, typical of T helper type 1 (Th1) cells, the knockout mice developed CD4+ cells that contained transcripts for interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13, typical of Th2 cells. ELISPOT assays confirmed the reciprocal patterns of IFN-gamma or IL-4 production by T cells in similar frequencies in the respective groups of mice, and antibody analysis confirmed the presence of Th2- mediated isotype switching in the knockout mice. These data suggest that CD4+ T cells that normally respond to antigens by differentiation to Th1 cells default to the Th2 pathway in the absence of endogenous IFN-gamma.
Add to CiteULike CiteULike Add to Complore Complore Add to Connotea Connotea Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us Add to Digg Digg Facebook Add to Reddit Reddit Add to Technorati Technorati Twitter What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

Wan, Y. Y., Flavell, R. A. (2009). How Diverse--CD4 Effector T Cells and their Functions. J Mol Cell Biol 1: 20-36 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Gondek, D. C., Roan, N. R., Starnbach, M. N. (2009). T Cell Responses in the Absence of IFN-{gamma} Exacerbate Uterine Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. J. Immunol. 183: 1313-1319 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Wadhone, P., Maiti, M., Agarwal, R., Kamat, V., Martin, S., Saha, B. (2009). Miltefosine Promotes IFN-{gamma}-Dominated Anti-Leishmanial Immune Response. J. Immunol. 182: 7146-7154 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ogilvie, R. L., SternJohn, J. R., Rattenbacher, B., Vlasova, I. A., Williams, D. A., Hau, H. H., Blackshear, P. J., Bohjanen, P. R. (2009). Tristetraprolin Mediates Interferon-{gamma} mRNA Decay. J. Biol. Chem. 284: 11216-11223 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Burrell, B. E., Lu, G., Li, X. C., Bishop, D. K. (2009). OX40 Costimulation Prevents Allograft Acceptance Induced by CD40-CD40L Blockade. J. Immunol. 182: 379-390 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ehrchen, J., Helming, L., Varga, G., Pasche, B., Loser, K., Gunzer, M., Sunderkotter, C., Sorg, C., Roth, J., Lengeling, A. (2007). Vitamin D receptor signaling contributes to susceptibility to infection with Leishmania major. FASEB J. 21: 3208-3218 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Silvestre, R., Cordeiro-Da-Silva, A., Santarem, N., Vergnes, B., Sereno, D., Ouaissi, A. (2007). SIR2-Deficient Leishmania infantum Induces a Defined IFN-{gamma}/IL-10 Pattern That Correlates with Protection. J. Immunol. 179: 3161-3170 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Safadi, R., Zigmond, E., Pappo, O., Shalev, Z., Ilan, Y. (2007). Amelioration of hepatic fibrosis via beta-glucosylceramide-mediated immune modulation is associated with altered CD8 and NKT lymphocyte distribution. Int Immunol 0: dxm069v1- [Abstract] [Full Text]
Rocha, F. J. S., Schleicher, U., Mattner, J., Alber, G., Bogdan, C. (2007). Cytokines, Signaling Pathways, and Effector Molecules Required for the Control of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in Mice. Infect. Immun. 75: 3823-3832 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Radhakrishnan, S., Wiehagen, K. R., Pulko, V., Van Keulen, V., Faubion, W. A., Knutson, K. L., Pease, L. R. (2007). Induction of a Th1 Response from Th2-Polarized T Cells by Activated Dendritic Cells: Dependence on TCR:Peptide-MHC Interaction, ICAM-1, IL-12, and IFN-{gamma}. J. Immunol. 178: 3583-3592 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Horani, A., Muhanna, N., Pappo, O., Melhem, A., Alvarez, C. E., Doron, S., Wehbi, W., Dimitrios, K., Friedman, S. L., Safadi, R. (2007). Beneficial effect of glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) on immune modulation of experimental hepatic fibrosis. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 292: G628-G638 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Roberts, M. T. M. (2006). Current understandings on the immunology of leishmaniasis and recent developments in prevention and treatment. Br Med Bull 75-76: 115-130 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Perez, L. E., Chandrasekar, B., Saldarriaga, O. A., Zhao, W., Arteaga, L. T., Travi, B. L., Melby, P. C. (2006). Reduced Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 (NOS2) Promoter Activity in the Syrian Hamster Renders the Animal Functionally Deficient in NOS2 Activity and Unable to Control an Intracellular Pathogen. J. Immunol. 176: 5519-5528 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Roberts, M. T. M., Stober, C. B., McKenzie, A. N, Blackwell, J. M. (2005). Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 Collude in Vaccine Failure for Novel Exacerbatory Antigens in Murine Leishmania major Infection. Infect. Immun. 73: 7620-7628 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hohler, T., Reuss, E., Adams, P., Bartsch, B., Weigmann, B., Worns, M., Galle, P. R., Victor, A., Neurath, M. F. (2005). A Genetic Basis for IFN-{gamma} Production and T-bet Expression in Humans. J. Immunol. 175: 5457-5462 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Stober, C. B., Lange, U. G., Roberts, M. T. M., Alcami, A., Blackwell, J. M. (2005). IL-10 from Regulatory T Cells Determines Vaccine Efficacy in Murine Leishmania major Infection. J. Immunol. 175: 2517-2524 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Harris, D. P., Goodrich, S., Gerth, A. J., Peng, S. L., Lund, F. E. (2005). Regulation of IFN-{gamma} Production by B Effector 1 Cells: Essential Roles for T-bet and the IFN-{gamma} Receptor. J. Immunol. 174: 6781-6790 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Padigel, U. M., Farrell, J. P. (2005). Control of Infection with Leishmania major in Susceptible BALB/c Mice Lacking the Common {gamma}-Chain for FcR Is Associated with Reduced Production of IL-10 and TGF-{beta} by Parasitized Cells. J. Immunol. 174: 6340-6345 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Murray, H. W. (2005). Prevention of Relapse after Chemotherapy in a Chronic Intracellular Infection: Mechanisms in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis. J. Immunol. 174: 4916-4923 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Chen, G.-H., McDonald, R. A., Wells, J. C., Huffnagle, G. B., Lukacs, N. W., Toews, G. B. (2005). The Gamma Interferon Receptor Is Required for the Protective Pulmonary Inflammatory Response to Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 73: 1788-1796 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Anderson, C. F., Mendez, S., Sacks, D. L. (2005). Nonhealing Infection despite Th1 Polarization Produced by a Strain of Leishmania major in C57BL/6 Mice. J. Immunol. 174: 2934-2941 [Abstract] [Full Text]
da Costa Santiago, H., Oliveira, C. F., Santiago, L., Oliveira Ferraz, F., da Gloria de Souza, D., Rodrigues De-Freitas, L. A., Crocco Afonso, L. C., Teixeira, M. M., Gazzinelli, R. T., Vieira, L. Q. (2004). Involvement of the Chemokine RANTES (CCL5) in Resistance to Experimental Infection with Leishmania major. Infect. Immun. 72: 4918-4923 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Lange, U. G., Mastroeni, P., Blackwell, J. M., Stober, C. B. (2004). DNA-Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Primer-Booster Vaccination Biases towards T Helper 1 Responses and Enhances Protection against Leishmania major Infection in Mice. Infect. Immun. 72: 4924-4928 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Bocek, P. Jr., Foucras, G., Paul, W. E. (2004). Interferon {gamma} Enhances Both In Vitro and In Vivo Priming of CD4+ T Cells for IL-4 Production. JEM 199: 1619-1630 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Qi, H., Ji, J., Wanasen, N., Soong, L. (2004). Enhanced Replication of Leishmania amazonensis Amastigotes in Gamma Interferon-Stimulated Murine Macrophages: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Infect. Immun. 72: 988-995 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Alvarez, G. R., Zwilling, B. S., Lafuse, W. P. (2003). Mycobacterium avium Inhibition of IFN-{gamma} Signaling in Mouse Macrophages: Toll-Like Receptor 2 Stimulation Increases Expression of Dominant-Negative STAT1{beta} by mRNA Stabilization. J. Immunol. 171: 6766-6773 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Nagabhushanam, V., Solache, A., Ting, L.-M., Escaron, C. J., Zhang, J. Y., Ernst, J. D. (2003). Innate Inhibition of Adaptive Immunity: Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Induced IL-6 Inhibits Macrophage Responses to IFN-{gamma}. J. Immunol. 171: 4750-4757 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Colmenares, M., Kima, P. E., Samoff, E., Soong, L., McMahon-Pratt, D. (2003). Perforin and Gamma Interferon Are Critical CD8+ T-Cell-Mediated Responses in Vaccine-Induced Immunity against Leishmania amazonensis Infection. Infect. Immun. 71: 3172-3182 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Bourreau, E., Gardon, J., Pradinaud, R., Pascalis, H., Prevot-Linguet, G., Kariminia, A., Pascal, L. (2003). Th2 Responses Predominate during the Early Phases of Infection in Patients with Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Precede the Development of Th1 Responses. Infect. Immun. 71: 2244-2246 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Padigel, U. M., Farrell, J. P. (2003). CD40-CD40 Ligand Costimulation Is Not Required for Initiation and Maintenance of a Th1-Type Response to Leishmania major Infection. Infect. Immun. 71: 1389-1395 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kuroda, E., Kito, T., Yamashita, U. (2002). Reduced Expression of STAT4 and IFN-{gamma} in Macrophages from BALB/c Mice. J. Immunol. 168: 5477-5482 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Topilski, I., Harmelin, A., Flavell, R. A., Levo, Y., Shachar, I. (2002). Preferential Th1 Immune Response in Invariant Chain-Deficient Mice. J. Immunol. 168: 1610-1617 [Abstract] [Full Text]
YOSHIDA, K., MATSUMOTO, T., TATEDA, K., UCHIDA, K., TSUJIMOTO, S., IWAKURA, Y., YAMAGUCHI, K. (2001). Protection against pulmonary infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae in mice by interferon-{gamma} through activation of phagocytic cells and stimulation of production of other cytokines. J Med Microbiol 50: 959-964 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Eriksson, U., Kurrer, M. O., Sebald, W., Brombacher, F., Kopf, M. (2001). Dual Role of the IL-12/IFN-{gamma} Axis in the Development of Autoimmune Myocarditis: Induction by IL-12 and Protection by IFN-{gamma}. J. Immunol. 167: 5464-5469 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Stenger, S, Rollinghoff, M (2001). Role of cytokines in the innate immune response to intracellular pathogens. Ann Rheum Dis 60: iii43-46 [Full Text]
Arvand, M., Ignatius, R., Regnath, T., Hahn, H., Mielke, M. E. A. (2001). Bartonella henselae-Specific Cell-Mediated Immune Responses Display a Predominantly Th1 Phenotype in Experimentally Infected C57BL/6 Mice. Infect. Immun. 69: 6427-6433 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Weidinger, G., Henning, G., ter Meulen, V., Niewiesk, S. (2001). Inhibition of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II-Dependent Antigen Presentation by Neutralization of Gamma Interferon Leads to Breakdown of Resistance against Measles Virus-Induced Encephalitis. J. Virol. 75: 3059-3065 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Franchini, M., Abril, C., Schwerdel, C., Ruedl, C., Ackermann, M., Suter, M. (2001). Protective T-Cell-Based Immunity Induced in Neonatal Mice by a Single Replicative Cycle of Herpes Simplex Virus. J. Virol. 75: 83-89 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Stager, S., Smith, D. F., Kaye, P. M. (2000). Immunization with a Recombinant Stage-Regulated Surface Protein from Leishmania donovani Induces Protection Against Visceral Leishmaniasis. J. Immunol. 165: 7064-7071 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Peters, W., Dupuis, M., Charo, I. F. (2000). A Mechanism for the Impaired IFN-{gamma} Production in C-C Chemokine Receptor 2 (CCR2) Knockout Mice: Role of CCR2 in Linking the Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses. J. Immunol. 165: 7072-7077 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Tau, G. Z., von der Weid, T., Lu, B., Cowan, S., Kvatyuk, M., Pernis, A., Cattoretti, G., Braunstein, N. S., Coffman, R. L., Rothman, P. B. (2000). Interferon {gamma} Signaling Alters the Function of T Helper Type 1 Cells. JEM 192: 977-986 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ohkusu, K., Yoshimoto, T., Takeda, K., Ogura, T., Kashiwamura, S.-i., Iwakura, Y., Akira, S., Okamura, H., Nakanishi, K. (2000). Potentiality of Interleukin-18 as a Useful Reagent for Treatment and Prevention of Leishmania major Infection. Infect. Immun. 68: 2449-2456 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Matthews, D. J., Emson, C. L., McKenzie, G. J., Jolin, H. E., Blackwell, J. M., McKenzie, A. N. J. (2000). IL-13 Is a Susceptibility Factor for Leishmania major Infection. J. Immunol. 164: 1458-1462 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Akiba, H., Miyahira, Y., Atsuta, M., Takeda, K., Nohara, C., Futagawa, T., Matsuda, H., Aoki, T., Yagita, H., Okumura, K. (2000). Critical Contribution of Ox40 Ligand to T Helper Cell Type 2 Differentiation in Experimental Leishmaniasis. JEM 191: 375-380 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Murray, H. W., Delph-Etienne, S. (2000). Roles of Endogenous Gamma Interferon and Macrophage Microbicidal Mechanisms in Host Response to Chemotherapy in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis. Infect. Immun. 68: 288-293 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Jiang, B., Jordana, M., Xing, Z., Smaill, F., Snider, D. P., Borojevic, R., Steele-Norwood, D., Hunt, R. H., Croitoru, K. (1999). Replication-Defective Adenovirus Infection Reduces Helicobacter felis Colonization in the Mouse in a Gamma Interferon- and Interleukin-12-Dependent Manner. Infect. Immun. 67: 4539-4544 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Dent, A. L., Doherty, T. M., Paul, W. E., Sher, A., Staudt, L. M. (1999). BCL-6-Deficient Mice Reveal an IL-4-Independent, STAT6-Dependent Pathway That Controls Susceptibility to Infection by Leishmania major. J. Immunol. 163: 2098-2103 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Way, S. S., Borczuk, A. C., Goldberg, M. B. (1999). Thymic Independence of Adaptive Immunity to the Intracellular Pathogen Shigella flexneri Serotype 2a. Infect. Immun. 67: 3970-3979 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Cantin, E., Tanamachi, B., Openshaw, H., Mann, J., Clarke, K. (1999). Gamma Interferon (IFN-gamma ) Receptor Null-Mutant Mice Are More Susceptible to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1�Infection than IFN-gamma Ligand Null-Mutant Mice. J. Virol. 73: 5196-5200 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Noben-Trauth, N., Paul, W. E., Sacks, D. L. (1999). IL-4- and IL-4 Receptor-Deficient BALB/c Mice Reveal Differences in Susceptibility to Leishmania major Parasite Substrains. J. Immunol. 162: 6132-6140 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Bottrel, R. L.�A., Yang, Y.-L., Levy, D. E., Tomai, M., Reis, L. F.�L. (1999). The Immune Response Modifier Imiquimod Requires STAT-1 for induction of Interferon, Interferon-Stimulated Genes, and Interleukin-6. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43: 856-861 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Farrar, J. D., Katz, K. H., Windsor, J., Thrush, G., Scheuermann, R. H., Uhr, J. W., Street, N. E. (1999). Cancer Dormancy. VII. A Regulatory Role for CD8+ T Cells and IFN-{gamma} in Establishing and Maintaining the Tumor-Dormant State. J. Immunol. 162: 2842-2849 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Xiong, Y., Karupiah, G., Hogan, S. P., Foster, P. S., Ramsay, A. J. (1999). Inhibition of Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice Lacking Nitric Oxide Synthase 2. J. Immunol. 162: 445-452 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hung, K., Hayashi, R., Lafond-Walker, A., Lowenstein, C., Pardoll, D., Levitsky, H. (1998). The Central Role of CD4+ T Cells in the Antitumor Immune Response. JEM 188: 2357-2368 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Stamm, L. M., Raisanen-Sokolowski, A., Okano, M., Russell, M. E., David, J. R., Satoskar, A. R. (1998). Mice with STAT6-Targeted Gene Disruption Develop a Th1 Response and Control Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. J. Immunol. 161: 6180-6188 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Wakil, A. E., Wang, Z.-E., Ryan, J. C., Fowell, D. J., Locksley, R. M. (1998). Interferon {gamma} Derived from CD4+ T Cells Is Sufficient to Mediate T Helper Cell Type 1 Development. JEM 188: 1651-1656 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Cenci, E., Mencacci, A., Del Sero, G., Fe d'Ostiani, C., Mosci, P., Bacci, A., Montagnoli, C., Kopf, M., Romani, L. (1998). IFN-{gamma} Is Required for IL-12 Responsiveness in Mice with Candida albicans Infection. J. Immunol. 161: 3543-3550 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Heinzel, F. P., Rerko, R. M., Hujer, A. M., Maier, R. A. Jr. (1998). Increased Capacity for Interleukin-2 Synthesis Parallels Disease Progression in Mice Infected with Leishmania major. Infect. Immun. 66: 4537-4540 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Sakamoto, H., Yasukawa, H., Masuhara, M., Tanimura, S., Sasaki, A., Yuge, K., Ohtsubo, M., Ohtsuka, A., Fujita, T., Ohta, T., Furukawa, Y., Iwase, S., Yamada, H., Yoshimura, A. (1998). A Janus Kinase Inhibitor, JAB, Is an Interferon-gamma -Inducible Gene and Confers Resistance to Interferons. Blood 92: 1668-1676 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Lu, B., Ebensperger, C., Dembic, Z., Wang, Y., Kvatyuk, M., Lu, T., Coffman, R. L., Pestka, S., Rothman, P. B. (1998). Targeted disruption of the interferon-gamma receptor 2�gene results in severe immune defects in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 8233-8238 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Erb, K. J., Holloway, J. W., Sobeck, A., Moll, H., Le Gros, G. (1998). Infection of Mice with Mycobacterium bovis-Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Suppresses Allergen-induced Airway Eosinophilia. JEM 187: 561-569 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Shibuya, K., Robinson, D., Zonin, F., Hartley, S. B., Macatonia, S. E., Somoza, C., Hunter, C. A., Murphy, K. M., O'Garra, A. (1998). IL-1{alpha} and TNF-{alpha} Are Required for IL-12-Induced Development of Th1 Cells Producing High Levels of IFN-{gamma} in BALB/c But Not C57BL/6 Mice. J. Immunol. 160: 1708-1716 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Reiner, S. L., Fowell, D. J., Moskowitz, N. H., Swier, K., Brown, D. R., Brown, C. R., Turck, C. W., Scott2, P. A., Killeen, N., Locksley3, R. M. (1998). Control of Leishmania major by a Monoclonal {alpha}{beta} T Cell Repertoire. J. Immunol. 160: 884-889 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Shi, Z., Wakil, A. E., Rockey, D. C. (1997). Strain-specific differences in mouse hepatic wound healing are mediated by divergent T helper cytokine�responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 10663-10668 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Balasa, B., Deng, C., Lee, J., Bradley, L. M., Dalton, D. K., Christadoss, P., Sarvetnick, N. (1997). Interferon {gamma} (IFN-{gamma}) Is Necessary for the Genesis of Acetylcholine Receptor-induced Clinical Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia gravis in Mice. JEM 186: 385-391 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hagenbaugh, A., Sharma, S., Dubinett, S. M., Wei, S. H.-Y., Aranda, R., Cheroutre, H., Fowell, D. J., Binder, S., Tsao, B., Locksley, R. M., Moore, K. W., Kronenberg, M. (1997). Altered Immune Responses in Interleukin 10 Transgenic Mice. JEM 185: 2101-2110 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Taylor, A. P., Murray, H. W. (1997). Intracellular Antimicrobial Activity in the Absence of Interferon-{gamma}: Effect of Interleukin-12 in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis in Interferon-{gamma} Gene-disrupted Mice. JEM 185: 1231-1240 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Young, H. A., Klinman, D. M., Reynolds, D. A., Grzegorzewski, K. J., Nii, A., Ward, J. M., Winkler-Pickett, R. T., Ortaldo, J. R., Kenny, J. J., Komschlies, K. L. (1997). Bone Marrow and Thymus Expression of Interferon-gamma Results in Severe B-Cell Lineage Reduction, T-Cell Lineage Alterations, and Hematopoietic Progenitor Deficiencies. Blood 89: 583-595 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Mougneau, E, Altare, F, Wakil, A., Zheng, S, Coppola, T, Wang, Z., Waldmann, R, Locksley, R., Glaichenhaus, N (1995). Expression cloning of a protective Leishmania antigen. Science 268: 563-566 [Abstract]