T cell-mediated lethal shock triggered in mice by the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B: critical role of tumor necrosis factor

doi:10.1084/jem.175.1.91

This Article

	Full Text (PDF, 838K)
	Alert me when this article is cited
	Citation Map

Services

	Email this article
	Similar articles in this journal
	Similar articles in PubMed
	Alert me to new content in the JEM
	Download to citation manager

Citing Articles

	Citing Articles via HighWire
	Citing Articles via CrossRef
	Citing Articles via Google Scholar

Google Scholar

	Articles by Miethke, T.
	Articles by Wagner, H.
	Search for Related Content

PubMed

	PubMed Citation
	Articles by Miethke, T.
	Articles by Wagner, H.


Social Bookmarking

	What's this?

ARTICLES

T cell-mediated lethal shock triggered in mice by the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B: critical role of tumor necrosis factor

T Miethke, C Wahl, K Heeg, B Echtenacher, PH Krammer and H Wagner
Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technischen, Universitat Munich, Germany.

Because mice are more resistant than humans to the pathogenic effects of bacterial toxins, we used D-Galactosamine- (D-Gal) sensitized mice as a model system to evaluate potential toxic shock symptoms triggered by the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). We show that similar to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) [LPS], the exotoxin SEB causes lethal shock within 8 h in D-Gal-sensitized mice, inducing 100% and about 50% lethality with 20 and 2 micrograms SEB, respectively. The lethal shock triggered by the superantigen SEB is mediated by T cells, a conclusion based on the observation that T cell repopulation of SCID mice conferred sensitivity to SEB. Since CSA also conferred protection, the role of T cell-derived lymphokines in mediating lethal shock was evaluated. Within 30-60 min after SEB injection, serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels peaked, followed immediately by interleukin-2 (IL- 2). Serum-borne lymphokines were detected well in advance of signs of T cell activation, as assessed by IL-2 receptor expression of SEB- reactive V beta 8+ T cells. Passive immunization with anti-TNF- alpha/beta-neutralizing monoclonal antibody also conferred protection, indicating that it is TNF which is critical for initiating toxic shock symptoms. Taken together, this study defines basic differences between endotoxin (LPS)- and exotoxin (SEB)-mediated lethal shock, in that the former is mediated by macrophages and the latter by T cells. Yet the pathogenesis distal to the lymphokine/cytokine-producing cells appears surprisingly similar in that TNF represents a key mediator in inducing shock.
Add to CiteULike CiteULike Add to Complore Complore Add to Connotea Connotea Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us Add to Digg Digg Facebook Add to Reddit Reddit Add to Technorati Technorati Twitter What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

Bi, S., Das, R., Zelazowska, E., Mani, S., Neill, R., Coleman, G. D., Yang, D. C., Hammamieh, R., Shupp, J. W., Jett, M. (2009). The Cellular and Molecular Immune Response of the Weanling Piglet to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B. Exp. Biol. Med. 234: 1305-1315 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kizy, A. E., Neely, M. N. (2009). First Streptococcus pyogenes Signature-Tagged Mutagenesis Screen Identifies Novel Virulence Determinants. Infect. Immun. 77: 1854-1865 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Seo, K. S., Park, J. Y., Davis, W. C., Fox, L. K., McGuire, M. A., Park, Y. H., Bohach, G. A. (2009). Superantigen-mediated differentiation of bovine monocytes into dendritic cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 85: 606-616 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Atsumi, T., Sato, M., Kamimura, D., Moroi, A., Iwakura, Y., Betz, U. A. K., Yoshimura, A., Nishihara, M., Hirano, T., Murakami, M. (2009). IFN-{gamma} expression in CD8+ T cells regulated by IL-6 signal is involved in superantigen-mediated CD4+ T cell death. Int Immunol 21: 73-80 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Grumann, D., Scharf, S. S., Holtfreter, S., Kohler, C., Steil, L., Engelmann, S., Hecker, M., Volker, U., Broker, B. M. (2008). Immune Cell Activation by Enterotoxin Gene Cluster (egc)-Encoded and Non-egc Superantigens from Staphylococcus aureus. J. Immunol. 181: 5054-5061 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Desy, O., Carignan, D., Caruso, M., de Campos-Lima, P. O. (2008). Immunosuppressive Effect of Isopropanol: Down-Regulation of Cytokine Production Results from the Alteration of Discrete Transcriptional Pathways in Activated Lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 181: 2348-2355 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hayashida, K., Chen, Y., Bartlett, A. H., Park, P. W. (2008). Syndecan-1 Is an in Vivo Suppressor of Gram-positive Toxic Shock. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 19895-19903 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Cook, E., Wang, X., Robiou, N., Fries, B. C. (2007). Measurement of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in Serum and Culture Supernatant with a Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. CVI 14: 1094-1101 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Nooh, M. M., El-Gengehi, N., Kansal, R., David, C. S., Kotb, M. (2007). HLA Transgenic Mice Provide Evidence for a Direct and Dominant Role of HLA Class II Variation in Modulating the Severity of Streptococcal Sepsis. J. Immunol. 178: 3076-3083 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Maripuu, L., Eriksson, A., Eriksson, B., Pauksen, K., Holm, S., Norgren, M. (2007). Dynamics of the Immune Response against Extracellular Products of Group A Streptococci during Infection. CVI 14: 44-51 [Abstract] [Full Text]
King, R. G., Herrin, B. R., Justement, L. B. (2006). Trem-Like Transcript 2 Is Expressed on Cells of the Myeloid/Granuloid and B Lymphoid Lineage and Is Up-Regulated in Response to Inflammation. J. Immunol. 176: 6012-6021 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hui-Yuen, J. S., Duong, T. T., Yeung, R. S. M. (2006). TNF-{alpha} Is Necessary for Induction of Coronary Artery Inflammation and Aneurysm Formation in an Animal Model of Kawasaki Disease. J. Immunol. 176: 6294-6301 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Uldrich, A. P., Berzins, S. P., Malin, M. A., Bouillet, P., Strasser, A., Smyth, M. J., Boyd, R. L., Godfrey, D. I. (2006). Antigen challenge inhibits thymic emigration.. J. Immunol. 176: 4553-4561 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Krakauer, T., Buckley, M. (2006). Dexamethasone Attenuates Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B-Induced Hypothermic Response and Protects Mice from Superantigen-Induced Toxic Shock. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50: 391-395 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ragin, M. J., Sahu, N., August, A. (2006). Differential Regulation of Cytokine Production by CD1d-Restricted NKT Cells in Response to Superantigen Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Exposure. Infect. Immun. 74: 282-288 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Faulkner, L., Cooper, A., Fantino, C., Altmann, D. M., Sriskandan, S. (2005). The Mechanism of Superantigen-Mediated Toxic Shock: Not a Simple Th1 Cytokine Storm. J. Immunol. 175: 6870-6877 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Krakauer, T., Little, S. F., Stiles, B. G. (2005). Bacillus anthracis Edema Toxin Inhibits Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin B Effects In Vitro: a Potential Protein Therapeutic?. Infect. Immun. 73: 7069-7073 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Yang, L., Thomas, M., Woodhouse, A., Martin, D., Fraser, J. D., Proft, T. (2005). Involvement of Streptococcal Mitogenic Exotoxin Z in Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 3570-3573 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Yarovinsky, T. O., Mohning, M. P., Bradford, M. A., Monick, M. M., Hunninghake, G. W. (2005). Increased Sensitivity to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B following Adenoviral Infection. Infect. Immun. 73: 3375-3384 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hopkins, P. A., Fraser, J. D., Pridmore, A. C., Russell, H. H., Read, R. C., Sriskandan, S. (2005). Superantigen recognition by HLA class II on monocytes up-regulates toll-like receptor 4 and enhances proinflammatory responses to endotoxin. Blood 105: 3655-3662 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Roy, C. J., Warfield, K. L., Welcher, B. C., Gonzales, R. F., Larsen, T., Hanson, J., David, C. S., Krakauer, T., Bavari, S. (2005). Human Leukocyte Antigen-DQ8 Transgenic Mice: a Model To Examine the Toxicity of Aerosolized Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B. Infect. Immun. 73: 2452-2460 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Nakagawa, S., Kushiya, K., Taneike, I., Imanishi, K., Uchiyama, T., Yamamoto, T. (2005). Specific Inhibitory Action of Anisodamine against a Staphylococcal Superantigenic Toxin, Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 (TSST-1), Leading to Down-Regulation of Cytokine Production and Blocking of TSST-1 Toxicity in Mice. CVI 12: 399-408 [Abstract] [Full Text]
McKallip, R. J., Fisher, M., Gunthert, U., Szakal, A. K., Nagarkatti, P. S., Nagarkatti, M. (2005). Role of CD44 and Its v7 Isoform in Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B-Induced Toxic Shock: CD44 Deficiency on Hepatic Mononuclear Cells Leads to Reduced Activation-Induced Apoptosis That Results in Increased Liver Damage. Infect. Immun. 73: 50-61 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Rossi, R. J., Muralimohan, G., Maxwell, J. R., Vella, A. T. (2004). Staphylococcal enterotoxins condition cells of the innate immune system for Toll-like receptor 4 stimulation. Int Immunol 16: 1751-1760 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Liu, D., Li, C., Chen, Y., Burnett, C., Liu, X. Y., Downs, S., Collins, R. D., Hawiger, J. (2004). Nuclear Import of Proinflammatory Transcription Factors Is Required for Massive Liver Apoptosis Induced by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 48434-48442 [Abstract] [Full Text]
van Gessel, Y. A., Mani, S., Bi, S., Hammamieh, R., Shupp, J. W., Das, R., Coleman, G. D., Jett, M. (2004). Functional Piglet Model for the Clinical Syndrome and Postmortem Findings Induced by Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B. Exp. Biol. Med. 229: 1061-1071 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Barth, H., Aktories, K., Popoff, M. R., Stiles, B. G. (2004). Binary Bacterial Toxins: Biochemistry, Biology, and Applications of Common Clostridium and Bacillus Proteins. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 68: 373-402 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Silverstein, R. (2004). Review: D-Galactosamine lethality model: scope and limitations. Innate Immunity 10: 147-162 [Abstract]
Krakauer, T. (2004). Caspase Inhibitors Attenuate Superantigen-Induced Inflammatory Cytokines, Chemokines, and T-Cell Proliferation. CVI 11: 621-624 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Liu, D., Liu, X. Y., Robinson, D., Burnett, C., Jackson, C., Seele, L., Veach, R. A., Downs, S., Collins, R. D., Ballard, D. W., Hawiger, J. (2004). Suppression of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B-induced Toxicity by a Nuclear Import Inhibitor. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 19239-19246 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Bolcato-Bellemin, A.-L., Mattei, M.-G., Fenton, M., Amar, S. (2004). Molecular cloning and characterization of mouse LITAF cDNA: role in the regulation of tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} (TNF-{alpha}) gene expression. Innate Immunity 10: 15-23 [Abstract]
Llewelyn, M., Sriskandan, S., Peakman, M., Ambrozak, D. R., Douek, D. C., Kwok, W. W., Cohen, J., Altmann, D. M. (2004). HLA Class II Polymorphisms Determine Responses to Bacterial Superantigens. J. Immunol. 172: 1719-1726 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ismail, N., Soong, L., McBride, J. W., Valbuena, G., Olano, J. P., Feng, H.-M., Walker, D. H. (2004). Overproduction of TNF-{alpha} by CD8+ Type 1 Cells and Down-Regulation of IFN-{gamma} Production by CD4+ Th1 Cells Contribute to Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome in an Animal Model of Fatal Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis. J. Immunol. 172: 1786-1800 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Krakauer, T., Buckley, M. (2003). Doxycycline Is Anti-Inflammatory and Inhibits Staphylococcal Exotoxin-Induced Cytokines and Chemokines. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 3630-3633 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Klotz, M., Opper, S., Heeg, K., Zimmermann, S. (2003). Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxins A to D by Real-Time Fluorescence PCR Assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 4683-4687 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Yarovinsky, T. O., Powers, L. S., Butler, N. S., Bradford, M. A., Monick, M. M., Hunninghake, G. W. (2003). Adenoviral Infection Decreases Mortality from Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Failure Via Induction of TNF-{alpha} Tolerance. J. Immunol. 171: 2453-2460 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Majcherczyk, P. A., Rubli, E., Heumann, D., Glauser, M. P., Moreillon, P. (2003). Teichoic Acids Are Not Required for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus Cell Walls To Trigger the Release of Tumor Necrosis Factor by Peripheral Blood Monocytes. Infect. Immun. 71: 3707-3713 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Savransky, V., Rostapshov, V., Pinelis, D., Polotsky, Y., Korolev, S., Komisar, J., Fegeding, K. (2003). Murine Lethal Toxic Shock Caused by Intranasal Administration of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B. Toxicol Pathol 31: 373-378 [Abstract]
Dalpke, A. H., Heeg, K. (2003). Synergistic and antagonistic interactions between LPS and superantigens. Innate Immunity 9: 51-54 [Abstract]
Duong, T. T., Silverman, E. D., Bissessar, M. V., Yeung, R. S. M. (2003). Superantigenic activity is responsible for induction of coronary arteritis in mice: an animal model of Kawasaki disease. Int Immunol 15: 79-89 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hasunuma, R., Maruyama, H., Takimoto, H., Ryll, R., Tanaka, S., Kumazawa, Y. (2002). Does high mobility group 1 protein function as a late mediator for LPS- or TNF-induced shock in galactosamine-sensitized mice?. Innate Immunity 8: 391-398 [Abstract]
Bilsborough, J., Uyttenhove, C., Colau, D., Bousso, P., Libert, C., Weynand, B., Boon, T., Van den Eynde, B. J. (2002). TNF-Mediated Toxicity After Massive Induction of Specific CD8+ T Cells Following Immunization of Mice with a Tumor-Specific Peptide. J. Immunol. 169: 3053-3060 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Yasuda, S., Nagaki, M., Moriwaki, H. (2002). Staphylococcal enterotoxin B induces hepatic injury and lethal shock in endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice despite a deficient macrophage response. Innate Immunity 8: 253-261 [Abstract]
Hale, M. L., Margolin, S. B., Krakauer, T., Roy, C. J., Stiles, B. G. (2002). Pirfenidone Blocks the In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B. Infect. Immun. 70: 2989-2994 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Collins, L. V., Eriksson, K., Ulrich, R. G., Tarkowski, A. (2002). Mucosal Tolerance to a Bacterial Superantigen Indicates a Novel Pathway To Prevent Toxic Shock. Infect. Immun. 70: 2282-2287 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Krakauer, T. (2002). Stimulant-Dependent Modulation of Cytokines and Chemokines by Airway Epithelial Cells: Cross Talk between Pulmonary Epithelial and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. CVI 9: 126-131 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Okamoto, S., Kawabata, S., Nakagawa, I., Hamada, S. (2001). Administration of Superantigens Protects Mice from Lethal Listeria monocytogenes Infection by Enhancing Cytotoxic T Cells. Infect. Immun. 69: 6633-6642 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Castrillo, A., Pennington, D. J., Otto, F., Parker, P. J., Owen, M. J., Bosca, L. (2001). Protein Kinase C{epsilon} Is Required for Macrophage Activation and Defense Against Bacterial Infection. JEM 194: 1231-1242 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Lauw, F. N., Florquin, S., Speelman, P., van Deventer, S. J. H., van der Poll, T. (2001). Role of Endogenous Interleukin-12 in Immune Response to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in Mice. Infect. Immun. 69: 5949-5952 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Arad, G., Hillman, D., Levy, R., Kaempfer, R. (2001). Superantigen antagonist blocks Th1 cytokine gene induction and lethal shock. J. Leukoc. Biol. 69: 921-927 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kadokami, T., McTiernan, C. F., Kubota, T., Frye, C. S., Bounoutas, G. S., Robbins, P. D., Watkins, S. C., Feldman, A. M. (2001). Effects of soluble TNF receptor treatment on lipopolysaccharide-induced myocardial cytokine expression. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 280: H2281-H2291 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Komisar, J. L., Weng, C.-F., Oyejide, A., Hunt, R. E., Briscoe, C., Tseng, J. (2001). Cellular and Cytokine Responses in the Circulation and Tissue Reactions in the Lung of Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) Pretreated with Cyclosporin A and Challenged with Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B. Toxicol Pathol 29: 369-378 [Abstract]
Noel, C., Florquin, S., Goldman, M., Braun, M. Y. (2001). Chronic exposure to superantigen induces regulatory CD4+ T cells with IL-10-mediated suppressive activity. Int Immunol 13: 431-439 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Krakauer, T. (2001). Suppression of Endotoxin- and Staphylococcal Exotoxin-Induced Cytokines and Chemokines by a Phospholipase C Inhibitor in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. CVI 8: 449-453 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Izeradjene, K., Revillard, J.-P., Genestier, L. (2001). Inhibition of thymidine synthesis by folate analogues induces a Fas-Fas ligand-independent deletion of superantigen-reactive peripheral T cells. Int Immunol 13: 85-93 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Mei{beta}ner, U., Blum, H., Schnare, M., Rollinghoff, M., Gessner, A. (2001). A soluble form of the murine common {gamma} chain is present at high concentrations in vivo and suppresses cytokine signaling. Blood 97: 183-191 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Onda, M., Willingham, M., Wang, Q.-c., Kreitman, R. J., Tsutsumi, Y., Nagata, S., Pastan, I. (2000). Inhibition of TNF-{alpha} Produced by Kupffer Cells Protects Against the Nonspecific Liver Toxicity of Immunotoxin Anti-Tac(Fv)-PE38, LMB-2. J. Immunol. 165: 7150-7156 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Schumann, J., Wolf, D., Pahl, A., Brune, K., Papadopoulos, T., van Rooijen, N., Tiegs, G. (2000). Importance of Kupffer Cells for T-Cell-Dependent Liver Injury in Mice. Am. J. Pathol. 157: 1671-1683 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Weighardt, H., Feterowski, C., Veit, M., Rump, M., Wagner, H., Holzmann, B. (2000). Increased Resistance Against Acute Polymicrobial Sepsis in Mice Challenged with Immunostimulatory CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Is Related to an Enhanced Innate Effector Cell Response. J. Immunol. 165: 4537-4543 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Tsytsykova, A. V., Goldfeld, A. E. (2000). Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells Transcription Factor Nfatp Controls Superantigen-Induced Lethal Shock. JEM 192: 581-586 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Epelman, S., Bruno, T. F., Neely, G. G., Woods, D. E., Mody, C. H. (2000). Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exoenzyme S Induces Transcriptional Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines. Infect. Immun. 68: 4811-4814 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Holscher, C., Mohrs, M., Dai, W. J., Kohler, G., Ryffel, B., Schaub, G. A., Mossmann, H., Brombacher, F. (2000). Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Mediated Toxic Shock in Trypanosoma cruzi-Infected Interleukin 10-Deficient Mice. Infect. Immun. 68: 4075-4083 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hochholzer, P., Lipford, G. B., Wagner, H., Pfeffer, K., Heeg, K. (2000). Role of Interleukin-18 (IL-18) during Lethal Shock: Decreased Lipopolysaccharide Sensitivity but Normal Superantigen Reaction in IL-18-Deficient Mice. Infect. Immun. 68: 3502-3508 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Dankesreiter, S., Hoess, A., Schneider-Mergener, J., Wagner, H., Miethke, T. (2000). Synthetic Endotoxin-Binding Peptides Block Endotoxin- Triggered TNF-{alpha} Production by Macrophages In Vitro and In Vivo and Prevent Endotoxin-Mediated Toxic Shock. J. Immunol. 164: 4804-4811 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Falvo, J. V., Brinkman, B. M. N., Tsytsykova, A. V., Tsai, E. Y., Yao, T.-P., Kung, A. L., Goldfeld, A. E. (2000). A stimulus-specific role for CREB-binding protein (CBP) in T cell receptor-activated tumor necrosis factor alpha gene expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 3925-3929 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Krakauer, T. (2000). Coordinate Suppression of Superantigen-Induced Cytokine Production and T-Cell Proliferation by a Small Nonpeptidic Inhibitor of Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex and CD4 Interaction. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 1067-1069 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Yan, Z., Yang, D. C. H., Neill, R., Jett, M. (1999). Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Human T Lymphocytes by Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Correlates with Toxin-Induced Proliferation and Is Regulated through Protein Kinase C. Infect. Immun. 67: 6611-6618 [Abstract] [Full Text]
McKay, D. M., Lu, J., Jedrzkiewicz, S., Ho, W., Sharkey, K. A. (1999). Nitric Oxide Participates in the Recovery of Normal Jejunal Epithelial Ion Transport Following Exposure to the Superantigen, Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin B. J. Immunol. 163: 4519-4526 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Barclay, N. G., Spurrell, J. C. L., Bruno, T. F., Storey, D. G., Woods, D. E., Mody, C. H. (1999). Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exoenzyme S Stimulates Murine Lymphocyte Proliferation In Vitro. Infect. Immun. 67: 4613-4619 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Wei, X.-q., Leung, B. P., Niedbala, W., Piedrafita, D., Feng, G.-j., Sweet, M., Dobbie, L., Smith, A. J. H., Liew, F. Y. (1999). Altered Immune Responses and Susceptibility to Leishmania major and Staphylococcus aureus Infection in IL-18-Deficient Mice. J. Immunol. 163: 2821-2828 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Krakauer, T., Stiles, B. G. (1999). Pentoxifylline Inhibits Superantigen-Induced Toxic Shock and Cytokine Release. CVI 6: 594-598 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Majcherczyk, P. A., Langen, H., Heumann, D., Fountoulakis, M., Glauser, M. P., Moreillon, P. (1999). Digestion of Streptococcus pneumoniae Cell Walls with Its Major Peptidoglycan Hydrolase Releases Branched Stem Peptides Carrying Proinflammatory Activity. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 12537-12543 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Carson, W. E., Yu, H., Dierksheide, J., Pfeffer, K., Bouchard, P., Clark, R., Durbin, J., Baldwin, A. S., Peschon, J., Johnson, P. R., Ku, G., Baumann, H., Caligiuri, M. A. (1999). A Fatal Cytokine-Induced Systemic Inflammatory Response Reveals a Critical Role for NK Cells. J. Immunol. 162: 4943-4951 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Myokai, F., Takashiba, S., Lebo, R., Amar, S. (1999). A novel lipopolysaccharide-induced transcription factor regulating tumor necrosis factor alpha �gene expression: Molecular cloning, sequencing, characterization, and chromosomal assignment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 4518-4523 [Abstract] [Full Text]
MIGNON, A., ROUQUET, N., FABRE, M., MARTIN, S., PAGES, J.�C., DHAINAUT, J.�F., KAHN, A., BRIAND, P., JOULIN, V. (1999). LPS Challenge in D-galactosamine-Sensitized Mice Accounts for Caspase-dependent Fulminant Hepatitis, not for Septic Shock. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 159: 1308-1315 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Stiles, B. G., Campbell, Y. G., Castle, R. M., Grove, S. A. (1999). Correlation of Temperature and Toxicity in Murine Studies of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1. Infect. Immun. 67: 1521-1525 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hoffmeyer, A., Grosse-Wilde, A., Flory, E., Neufeld, B., Kunz, M., Rapp, U. R., Ludwig, S. (1999). Different Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways Cooperate to Regulate Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha �Gene Expression in T Lymphocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 4319-4327 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Schafer, P. H., Wang, L., Wadsworth, S. A., Davis, J. E., Siekierka, J. J. (1999). T Cell Activation Signals Up-Regulate p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activity and Induce TNF-{alpha} Production in a Manner Distinct from LPS Activation of Monocytes. J. Immunol. 162: 659-668 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Tiegs, G., Küsters, S., Künstle, G., Hentze, H., Kiemer, A. K., Wendel, A. (1998). Ebselen Protects Mice Against T Cell-Dependent, TNF-Mediated Apoptotic Liver Injury1. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 287: 1098-1104 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Spiekermann, G. M., Nagler-Anderson, C. (1998). Oral Administration of the Bacterial Superantigen Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Induces Activation and Cytokine Production by T Cells in Murine Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue. J. Immunol. 161: 5825-5831 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Fuller, C. L., Braciale, V. L. (1998). Selective Induction of CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Effector Function by Staphylococcus Enterotoxin B. J. Immunol. 161: 5179-5186 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Schumann, J., Angermuller, S., Bang, R., Lohoff, M., Tiegs, G. (1998). Acute Hepatotoxicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A in Mice Depends on T Cells and TNF. J. Immunol. 161: 5745-5754 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Gudmundsson, G., Bosch, A., Davidson, B. L., Berg, D. J., Hunninghake, G. W. (1998). Interleukin-10 Modulates the Severity of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis in Mice. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio. 19: 812-818 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Calandra, T., Spiegel, L. A., Metz, C. N., Bucala, R. (1998). Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is a critical mediator of the activation of immune cells by exotoxins of Gram-positive bacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 11383-11388 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Riesbeck, K., Billström, A., Tordsson, J., Brodin, T., Kristensson, K., Dohlsten, M. (1998). Endothelial Cells Expressing an Inflammatory Phenotype Are Lysed by Superantigen-Targeted Cytotoxic T Cells. CVI 5: 675-682 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Tessier, P. A., Naccache, P. H., Diener, K. R., Gladue, R. P., Neote, K. S., Clark-Lewis, I., McColl, S. R. (1998). Induction of Acute Inflammation In Vivo by Staphylococcal Superantigens. II. Critical Role for Chemokines, ICAM-1, and TNF-{alpha}. J. Immunol. 161: 1204-1211 [Abstract] [Full Text]
McKay, D. M., Benjamin, M. A., Lu, J. (1998). CD4+ T cells mediate superantigen-induced abnormalities in murine jejunal ion transport. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 275: G29-G38 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Benjamin, M. A., Lu, J., Donnelly, G., Dureja, P., McKay, D. M. (1998). Changes in Murine Jejunal Morphology Evoked by the Bacterial Superantigen Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin B Are Mediated by CD4+ T Cells. Infect. Immun. 66: 2193-2199 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Zantl, N., Uebe, A., Neumann, B., Wagner, H., Siewert, J.-R., Holzmann, B., Heidecke, C.-D., Pfeffer, K. (1998). Essential Role of Gamma Interferon in Survival of Colon Ascendens Stent Peritonitis, a Novel Murine Model of Abdominal Sepsis. Infect. Immun. 66: 2300-2309 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Chang, H. R., Bistrian, B. (1998). Review: The Role of Cytokines in the Catabolic Consequences of Infection and Injury. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 22: 156-166 [Abstract]
Marshall, A. J., Denkers, E. Y. (1998). Toxoplasma gondii Triggers Granulocyte-Dependent Cytokine-Mediated Lethal Shock in D-Galactosamine-Sensitized Mice. Infect. Immun. 66: 1325-1333 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Sasaki, S., Miura, T., Nishikawa, S., Yamada, K., Hirasue, M., Nakane, A. (1998). Protective Role of Nitric Oxide in Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Mice. Infect. Immun. 66: 1017-1022 [Abstract] [Full Text]
McInnes, I. B., Leung, B., Wei, X.-Q., Gemmell, C. C., Liew, F. Y. (1998). Septic Arthritis Following Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Mice Lacking Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase. J. Immunol. 160: 308-315 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Gantner, F., Küsters, S., Wendel, A., Hatzelmann, A., Schudt, C., Tiegs, G. (1997). Protection from T Cell-Mediated Murine Liver Failure by Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 280: 53-60 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Leclaire, R. D., Hunt, R. E., Bavari, S., Estep, J. E., Nelson, G. O., Wilhelmsen, C. L. (1996). Potentiation of Inhaled Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B-Induced Toxicity by Lipopolysaccharide in Mice. Toxicol Pathol 24: 619-626 [Abstract]
Chapes, S.K., Beharka, A.A. (1995). Lipopolysaccharide is required for the lethal effects of enterotoxin B after D-galactosamine sensitization. Innate Immunity 2: 263-271 [Abstract]
Yuan, Q., Zhao, F., Chung, S.-W., Fan, P., Sultzer, B. M., Kan, Y. W., Wong, P. M. C. (2000). Dominant negative down-regulation of endotoxin-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha production by Lpsd/Ran. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 2852-2857 [Abstract] [Full Text]